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氟喹诺酮类药物因其广谱性和疗效好而被广泛应用于兽医临床治疗,目前使用最多的是第3代产品,包括氧氟沙星,诺氟沙星(NOR)、恩诺沙星(ENR)和环丙沙星等。进入动物体内的药物不能被完全吸收,50%以上会随动物粪尿排出体外,最终导致大量氟喹诺酮类化合物进入环境中。有研究[1-3]表明,此类药物可以在许多环境基质中检出,甚至在一些居民生活供水中也有少量存在。在对广州多处饮用水进行药物检测分析时发现,氟喹诺酮药物的浓度为1.0~679.7 ng·L−1 [4];FICK等[5]从多个饮用水井取样检测,结果显示其中某些氟喹诺酮类药物浓度高达1 µg·L−1。不同环境基质中的氟喹诺酮类药物可能会影响环境过程、破坏生态系统服务并导致氟喹诺酮类耐药基因的产生和传播[6],最终会对人类健康造成威胁。为使畜禽粪便在作为肥料资源利用之前能够尽可能地去除其中残留的抗生素药物,通常利用高温堆肥工艺对其进行处理,但氟喹诺酮类药物因喹诺酮环的存在而表现出较高的稳定性,特别是耐水解和耐高温等性质,普通的堆肥很难实现该类药物的完全去除。而且,氟喹诺酮类化合物作为抗菌药物,还可抵抗微生物的降解转化[7]。据报道[8],氟喹诺酮类药物在高温堆肥中具有较强的抗逆性,因此,其在堆肥产品中的大量残留已成为一个急待解决的问题。
近年来,研究者探索了电化学氧化[9]、高级氧化[10]、光降解[11]、材料吸附[12]和生物降解法[13]等多种方法以去除环境中的抗生素污染。生物降解法作为一种环境友好且有效的抗生素去除方法受到了广泛的关注,而微生物在环境污染物的生物降解中起着重要的作用。有研究[14]发现,堆肥中氟喹诺酮类药物的完全去除可通过接种微生物来实现。目前,已发现多种微生物具有降解氟喹诺酮类药物的能力,如微杆菌属的细菌可降解NOR,白腐真菌(Irpex lacteus, Panus tigrinus, Dichomitus squalens等)能降解转化NOR、氧氟沙星和环丙沙星[15-18]。另外,为了确定该类药物的生物降解模式,一些研究[19-20]分析了典型的氟喹诺酮类药物生物降解后的产物。据报道[21],ENR可以通过木腐真菌转化为CO2和其他一些代谢物;环丙沙星也可被木腐菌通过羟基化、脱羧、脱氟和哌嗪环降解等途径转化。然而以上关于微生物降解转化氟喹诺酮类药物性能和降解机制的实验均是在常温(25~30 ℃)的条件下进行,在与堆肥温度相近的热环境中(70 ℃)的相关研究报道较少。
本研究以前期从药厂污泥筛选得到的嗜热菌Thermus sp. C419(CGMCC 1.16184, GenBank登录号: KY784655C419)[22]为降解菌株,探究其在70 ℃的高温条件下对常用的2种氟喹诺酮类药物(NOR和ENR)单独和混合存在时的生物降解情况,并对药物的降解动力学、生物降解产物和可能的代谢途径进行研究分析,最后通过鉴定生物降解后药物的残留抗菌活性,分析其对微生物的毒性大小。本研究探索了氟喹诺酮类药物在高温条件下的降解转化,以期为畜禽粪便高温堆肥工艺提供可降解氟喹诺酮类药物的堆肥菌剂,实现堆肥过程畜禽粪便中氟喹诺酮类药物的高效降解。
嗜热栖热菌降解氟喹诺酮类抗生素
Biodegradation of fluoroquinolones by Thermus thermophilus
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摘要: 氟喹诺酮类抗生素在各种环境基质中积累造成的生态和耐药基因污染等问题已引起广泛的关注。为了能够有效去除环境中氟喹诺酮类抗生素污染并且探究其生物代谢途径,利用嗜热菌Thermus sp. C419在高温(70 ℃)条件下降解2种典型的氟喹诺酮类抗生素(诺氟沙星和恩诺沙星),分析了菌株C419对这2种药物在单一和混合添加时的降解特性;通过UPLC-MS/MS检测了其相关的降解产物,并推测了可能的代谢途径;利用平板扩散法对生物降解后的氟喹诺酮类药物进行抑菌活性测定。结果表明:氟喹诺酮类化合物可被菌株C419有效降解,降解率为60%~80%;该生物降解过程符合一级动力学模型,培养基中氟喹诺酮类化合物浓度越高,降解率越高,降解半衰期越短;菌株C419对诺氟沙星的生物降解有3条可能的降解途径和7种降解产物,对恩诺沙星的生物降解有4条可能的降解途径和6种降解产物。此外,与2种药物的母体化合物相比,生物降解后药物对不同细菌的抗菌活性均有一定程度的降低,这说明嗜热菌株C419在热环境中去除氟喹诺酮类污染物方面可能会具有良好的实用性和应用前景。Abstract: The problems of environmental matrices pollution and resistance genes generation caused by fluoroquinolones accumulation seriously affect human health, thus its removal and transformation have attracted broad attention. In order to effectively remove fluoroquinolone antibiotics from environment and explored their bio-metabolic pathway, a thermophilic bacterium (Thermus sp. strain C419) was used to biodegrade two representative fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin and enrofloxacin) at high temperature of 70 ℃, the degradation characteristics of these two fluoroquinolone alone and their mixture by C419 were analyzed. The degradation products were detected by UPLC-MS/MS to predict the possible metabolic pathway, the antibacterial activity of the biodegraded fluoroquinolones was test by using disk diffusion susceptibility assays. The results showed that fluoroquinolones could be degraded effectively by strain C419 with a degradation efficiency of 60%~75%, the biodegradation process followed the first order kinetic model. Higher fluoroquinolones concentration resulted in higher degradation efficiency and shorter degradation half-life period. The norfloxacin biodegradation by strain C419 occurred via three pathways and yielded seven biodegradation metabolites, while the enrofloxacin biodegradation occurred via four pathways and yielded six biodegradation metabolites. In addition, the biodegrading-metabolites of norfloxacin and enrofloxacin presented attenuated antibacterial activities. The obtained results indicated that the thermophilic fluoroquinolone-degrading Thermus sp. strain C419 presented useful and meaningful application prospect in removing fluoroquinolone contaminants especially from thermal environments.
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表 1 不同处理组氟喹诺酮类降解的动力学参数及拟合方程
Table 1. Kinetic parameters and fitting equations for fluoroquinolones degradation in different treatments
处理组 k/h−1 t1/2/h R2 拟合方程 NOR (5 mg·L−1) 0.015 6 44.4 0.815 6 lnC/C0=−0.015 6t−0.104 3 NOR (10 mg·L−1) 0.018 1 38.3 0.935 8 lnC/C0=−0.018 1t−0.065 1 ENR (5 mg·L−1) 0.019 1 36.2 0.911 5 lnC/C0=−0.019 1t−0.088 9 ENR (10 mg·L−1) 0.023 2 29.9 0.873 4 lnC/C0=−0.023 2t−0.093 9 NOR (混合) 0.022 8 30.4 0.950 4 lnC/C0=−0.022 8t−0.034 3 ENR (混合) 0.022 3 31.1 0.941 3 lnC/C0=−0.022 3t−0.081 0 表 2 诺氟沙星及其生物降解代谢产物的质谱数据及化学式
Table 2. Mass spectral data and calculated formula of norfloxacin and its biodegradation metabolites
化合物 [M+H]+ 离子碎片质荷比 化学式 碎片损失 NOR 320 302 C16H18FN3O3 H2O 276 CO2 205 CO2, C2H4N, C2H5 N1-1/N1-2 336 318 C16H18FN3O4 H2O 288 F, C2H5 245 H2O, CO2, C2H5 N2-1/N2-2 351 322 C16H17FN3O5 C2H5 284 H2O, F, C2H5 245 H2O, CO2, C2H5 N3 322 304 C14H10FN2O6 H2O 258 F, COOH 231 H2O, CO2, C2H5 N4 266 248 C12H12FN3O3 H2O 221 COOH N5 251 233 C12H11FN2O3 H2O 205 H2O, C2H4 149 H2O, C2H4, 2个CO N6 223 207 C10H7FN2O3 NH2 194 HCO 178 COOH N7 278 250 C14H16FN3O2 CO 232 H2O, CO 207 HCO, C2H4N N8 318 300 C16H19N3O4 H2O 256 H2O, CO2 N9 348 330 C17H18FN3O4 H2O 274 COOH, C2H5 表 3 恩诺沙星及其生物降解代谢产物的质谱数据及化学式
Table 3. Mass spectral data and calculated formula of enrofloxacin and its biodegradation metabolites
化合物 [M+H]+ 离子碎片质荷比 化学式 碎片损失 ENR 360 342 C19H22FN3O3 H2O 316 CO2 245 COOH, C2H4, C3H6 E1 320 302 C16H18FN3O3 H2O 258 OH, COOH E2 392 374 C19H22FN3O5 H2O 321 C3H6, C2H5 261 CH2COOH, C4H10N E3 305 287 C15H13FN2O4 H2O 276 HCO 261 CO2 E4 324 306 C14H14FN3O5 H2O 219 C2H6N, COOH, NH2 E5-1/E5-2 308 290 C14H14FN3O4 H2O 262 H2O, CO 193 COOH, C3H4NO E6 358 340 C19H23FN3O4 H2O 269 H2O, C3H6, C2H5 243 COOH, C2H4, C3H6 E7 374 356 C19H23N3O5 H2O 312 H2O, CO2 -
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