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市政污水排放是城市水环境污染的重要来源。RAHMAN等[1]采用PMF受体模型解析了达卡市高尔山湖污染来源,发现在旱季42.94%的点源营养物质来自于市政污水。引起城市水资源紧张的主要因素是城市人口密度和用水强度等。ZHAO等[2]对京津冀城市群的水资源承载力的研究发现,有近50%的城市水资源承载力处于超负荷状态,其人口密度、城市公共用水强度和节水投资强度是影响城市水资源承载力的主要因素。造成城市水生态破坏的重要原因是城市对土地的开发利用。LUO等[3]对河南沙颖河流域内郑州、平顶山、许昌、周口等9个地市的研究发现,与河流水质相比,土地利用变化和城市化对水生态状况的影响更大。由此可见,城市建设会给水生态环境系统带来巨大威胁,而我国当前城市化水平处于历史高点,故城市在水环境、水资源和水生态方面面临着巨大压力,亟需采取有效的改善方案。
我国华北区域的水污染严重、水资源严重匮乏和水生态问题突出。相关各城市均采取了一系列措施来改善水生态环境质量,并取得了一定成效。潘留明等[4]介绍了天津市在外环河水环境改善中采用投菌、浮床、沉床和人工湿地工艺实现了水环境质量提升。侯晓帮等[5]介绍了在洛阳市瀍河水环境整治中采用控源截污、清淤疏浚、河道复氧、生态补水等水质保障措施。王勇等[6]介绍了青岛市在墨水河治理过程中通过采用截污、清淤、绿化和中水回用等工程措施,实现了水体COD和氨氮浓度的大幅削减。尽管上述案例对制定城市水生态环境质量提升有一定借鉴作用,但不难看出当前城市水生态环境治理对策在系统性方面仍存在欠缺,多数城市在水生态环境整治中仅着眼于城市单个河流或湖泊的水环境质量提升,对水资源和水生态方面的考虑不足。因此,在城市水生态环境治理中,应建立起从城市整个水体角度考虑的“水环境、水资源、水生态”三水统筹推进的系统治理思路。
针对上述问题,本研究将从“水环境、水资源、水生态”三方面对华北片区内79个城市建成区面临的水生态环境问题进行解析,并给出城市水生态环境质量提升分阶段目标、综合整治对策建议,为实现区域内城市水生态环境质量提升提供参考。
Analysis of the current situation of urban water ecological environment and comprehensive improvement measures in North China
- Received Date: 29/12/2021
- Available Online: 31/12/2022
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Key words:
- north china region /
- urban water ecological environment /
- water resource /
- policies for comprehensive regulation and remediation
Abstract: In this paper, the problems and the intrinsic factors residing in urban aquatic ecological environment in North China were analyzed from three aspects, i.e. the water quality, the water resources and the urban aquatic ecology. Results showed that the quantity of the domestic sewage discharged in urban area was huge, but there were still shortcomings in sewer networks and sewage treatment facilities. Pollution resulted by the discharges from the iron and steel, pharmaceutical and petrochemical industries were prominent, especially in the cities of Shandong Province and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban cluster. Urban non-source pollution caused by seasonal rainfall could not be ignored. Urban water ecosystems were severely damaged, the water area shrank significantly, the shoreland zones of urban rivers and lakes were severely damaged, the eutrophication of urban waters was enhanced, and the biodiversity declined. Problems with the urban water resources include the shortage of per capita water resources, over-exploited water resources, the waste of water resources in urban area, the insufficient flow rate in rivers, and the bad connectivity between waterbodies. In response to the above problems, termed objectives, solutions for the improvement and comprehensive remediation of urban aquatic ecological environment for cities North China was proposed in this paper. For the three terms, namely, the short-term (2021-2025), the medium-term (2026-2030) and the long-term (2031-2035), a roadmap for the improvement of urban aquatic ecological environment in the region was also formed.