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随着人类社会的发展和工业化进程的加快,环境污染问题已经严重影响到人类正常的生活和生产. 解决环境污染问题主要在于如何高效地处理污染物从而达到环境修复的目的. 吸附法作为一种操作简单、经济成本低且高效迅速的技术,是去除环境污染物的重要方法之一. 应用吸附法的关键主要在于对吸附剂的选择. 活性炭[1 − 2]、沸石[3 − 5]、生物炭[6 − 7]、氮化碳材料[8 − 9]、金属有机框架材料[10-11]、石墨烯基材料(graphene-based materials) [12 − 13]、层状双金属氢氧化物(layered double hydroxide,LDHs) [14 − 15]以及有机多孔材料[16 − 17]等均是应用于环境污染物去除的吸附剂.
共价有机框架(covalent organic frameworks,COFs)材料作为一种新型有机多孔材料,具有如密度低、良好的热稳定性和化学稳定性、大比表面和丰富的组成单元等众多优良特性,使得其自Yaghi等[18]报道后就引起了科研工作者的广泛关注. 经过众多科研工作者十几年来的努力,COF材料的构筑单体、拓扑结构、合成方法、功能应用等方面得到了瞩目的发展. 在这其中,COF通过引入带电基团可以为后续修饰带来更多的可操作性,因此离子型共价有机框架(ionic covalent organic frameworks,iCOFs)材料进入科研工作者的视野. iCOF除了具有COF材料的优良特性外,关键在于其含有数量众多的离子基团,能与客体分子的特定结构产生较强静电作用. 另外,通过改变离子基团的类型也可对其表面积、孔隙孔径以及性质进行调控,从而进一步扩充其应用领域.
自2015年Peng等[19]首次报道了具有电负性的磺酸基iCOF以来,iCOF材料已被广泛应用于分离[20 − 21]、质子传导[22 − 23]、催化[24 − 25]、生物医学[26 − 27]等诸多领域. 本文从iCOF的结构、合成方法以及在环境修复中的应用等角度综述了近年来离子型共价有机框架材料的研究进展,并对其目前存在的挑战和应用前景进行展望.
离子型共价有机框架材料的合成及其在环境修复应用的研究进展
Progress in the synthesis of ionic covalent organic frameworks and their application in environmental remediation
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摘要: 离子型共价有机框架(ionic covalent organic frameworks,iCOFs)材料是框架内或孔道中带有电荷的共价有机框架(COF)材料. 除了具有低密度、易于调节的孔道结构、比表面积大、优异的热稳定性和化学稳定性等传统优点外,其内部的离子基团作为作用位点能与电性相反的基团结合,从而在质子传导、催化、生物医学等领域展现出巨大的应用价值. 尤其在环境修复领域,iCOF已被广泛应用于去除有机污染物、放射性核素和重金属等污染物. 本文从iCOF的结构与合成方法出发,综述了其对环境污染物的选择性吸附,并对相互作用机理进行探究,最后对研究前景进行展望.Abstract: Ionic covalent organic frameworks (iCOFs) are a kind of covalent organic framework containing ionic groups in the structural framework or microporous channels. In addition to the advantages of low density, tunable pore structure, large specific surface area, excellent thermal and chemical stability, etc., iCOFs can be combined with opposite charged groups, so as to exhibit great applications in proton conduction, catalysis, biomedicine and other fields. Especially in the field of environmental remediation, iCOF have been widely used in the removal of organic contaminants, radionuclides and heavy metal ions. In this review, the structure, the synthesis methods and the application of iCOF in environmental pollutants have been discussed and especially, the underlying removal mechanism has been highlighted. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of iCOFs in environmental remediation were analyzed in detail to understand their future developing prospects.
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Key words:
- ionic covalent organic framework /
- adsorption /
- organic pollutants /
- radionuclide /
- heavy metal ions.
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表 1 iCOF去除环境污染物及其影响吸附因素
Table 1. Removal of environmental pollutants by iCOF and its influence on adsorption factors
iCOF 材料
iCOF污染物
Pollutants相互作用机理
Interaction mechanism参考文献
ReferenceTpPa-SO3Na MB,EB,MO 静电相互作用和COF材料的孔径大小 [32] ImI@TpBd-(SO3)2 MB、碱性橙2 静电相互作用 [47] Tp-Bpy RhB,CR,BB 与含氮活性位点之间的静电相互作用 [48] PC-COF MO, DFBM, AG-25, IC 与结构中联吡啶基团之间的静电相互作用以及阴离子交换选择性 [20] Tp-MTABs FQs 与含氮基团之间的静电相互作用和π-π 相互作用 [49] Fe3O4 @TpBD BPA π-π 相互作用和氢键 [50] TFPT-TGCl-iCOF 2,4-dichlorophenol 与含氮基团之间的配位相互作用 [52] COF1 GenX, HFPO-TA 静电相互作用和疏水作用 [53] [[NH4]+[COF-SO3]−] U(Ⅵ)、Th(Ⅳ) 与-SO3H基团之间的配位相互作用以及 阴离子交换选择性 [54] JUC-505-COOH U(Ⅵ) 与-COOH基团之间的配位相互作用 [55] PS-COF-1 Tc(Ⅶ) 与联吡啶基团之间的配位相互作用以及阳离子交换选择性 [56] PS-COF-1 Tc(Ⅶ) 与联吡啶基团之间的配位相互作用以及氢键 [36] SCU-CPN-1 Re(Ⅶ) 与联吡啶基团之间的配位相互作用以及氢键 [57] SCU-CPN-2 Tc(Ⅶ) 与联吡啶基团之间的配位相互作用以及氢键 [58] QUST-iPOP-1 Tc(Ⅶ) 与COF框架之间的静电相互作用 [59] BT-DGCl Cr(Ⅵ) 与COF框架之间的静电相互作用和阴离子交换选择性 [60] Tp-DGCl Cr(Ⅵ) 与COF框架之间的静电相互作用和氢键 [61] COF-TP、COF-TE Pb(Ⅱ) 与-NHR 基团之间的配位相互作用和静电相互作用 [62] iCOF-1 Pb(Ⅱ) 与COF框架之间的静电相互作用和阳离子交换选择性 [63] TpODH Hg(Ⅱ) 与-NH 基团和-CO基团之间的配位相互作用以及氢键 [64] -
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