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城镇化的快速发展加快了工业发展的同时,也带来城市环境问题,如土壤中重金属含量较高[1]. 在哥本哈根的城市土壤研究中发现,与农业土壤相比,城市土壤的Cd、Cu、Pb浓度升高了5—27倍[2];对中国香港的城市公园土壤的大规模调查显示,城市土壤中Cu和Pb的平均浓度(分别为24.8 mg·kg−1和90 mg·kg−1)至少比农村土壤高出2倍和10倍[3-4];对浙江绍兴的城乡梯度蔬菜生产基地土壤质量研究中发现,土壤中的Cu和Pb均有向市区积累的趋势,市区土壤的Cu和Pb浓度约为农村土壤的2倍[5]. 此外,城镇化的快速发展也增加了城市废弃物的产生,如污水厂的污泥、城市园林废弃物、城郊农作物秸秆、生活垃圾等. 目前这些城市废弃物常用的处理方法主要是填埋和焚烧[6]:本课题组之前的研究发现生活垃圾制备成生物炭后,降低了城市土壤的重金属有效态含量,有望用来降低城市土壤重金属的环境风险[7]. 生物炭作为一种稳定的碳储存方式,在土壤、水体和污染修复等方面得到了广泛的关注[8-9]. 生物炭是由生物质在低氧或缺氧的环境下热解产生的,具有较大的比表面积、较高的阳离子交换容量以及丰富的官能团[10]. 而生物炭源溶解性有机质(dissolved organic matter,DOM)是一类组成复杂、物化性质活跃的聚合体,可能含有低分子量物质,如游离氨基酸、糖等;同时含有各种类型的大分子组分,如酶、氨基糖、多酚、腐殖酸和其他混合物,并且具有一定的亲水性和芳香性[11-12],是具有高活性官能团的有机化合物的非均相混合物[13-14],可以直接参与重金属的络合,这与DOM自身的高芳香族化合物和丰富的羟基、苯酚等有机官能团有关[15].
DOM的组成和结构是影响DOM与重金属络合的主要因素,如DOM分子大小对金属的结合性能影响不同,沉积物DOM中的高分子量(>1 kDa)的类腐殖酸表现出比低分子量(<1 kDa)更高的金属络合能力(条件稳定常数5.39>4.87)[16];而雨水径流DOM中分子量小的组分(<1 kDa)与金属离子的络合作用则较强[17]. 此外,DOM的疏水性和亲水性,也可能会影响DOM与重金属的结合能力. 分馏对于表征DOM的疏水性和亲水性至关重要. 分馏有多种方法,其中树脂法较常见. 树脂是一种中性吸附剂,能够有效吸附疏水化合物从而实现对DOM的分馏[18-19]. 具有反相保留和离子交换吸附能力的固相萃取柱,因含有聚合物而对疏水性和部分透明性化合物均有较好的吸附作用,能够吸附树脂无法吸附的弱酸性和弱碱性化合物,具有更高的分馏效应,目前已成功用于含油废水DOM的分离[20],然而,固相萃取柱应用于生物炭源DOM的分馏尚鲜见报道. 因此本研究拟对生活垃圾生物炭DOM进行固相萃取分馏成4个组分,探究不同萃取组分对重金属Cu和Pb的络合作用.
三维荧光光谱联合平行因子分析(three-dimensional excitation emission matrix with parallel factor analysis,3DEEM-PARAFAC)和同步荧光光谱(synchronous fluorescence,SF)是阐明金属离子与荧光团相互作用机制的高效、快速且灵敏的方法[21],此外,二维相关光谱(two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy,2D-COS)分析进一步提供了分子结构随金属添加的变化信息和顺序,因此,利用这些光谱技术进行多光谱研究,可以更深入细致地研究DOM中不同分馏组分与重金属的结合机理.
本研究的主要目的是:(1)使用具有反相保留和离子交换吸附能力的固相萃取柱,对生活垃圾生物炭DOM进行分馏,并利用三维荧光光谱对馏分进行荧光表征;(2)利用三维荧光光谱和同步荧光光谱,借助荧光淬灭实验研究DOM的4个组分与Cu和Pb的结合特性;(3)结合2D-COS分析和多参数模拟,研究疏水中性组分和Cu的络合能力、顺序和参数.
生活垃圾生物炭源溶解性有机质分馏和络合重金属的作用
Fractionation of dissolved organic matter from domestic waste biochar and its complexation with heavy metals
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摘要: 为揭示生活垃圾衍生的溶解性有机质的成分及其与重金属的相互作用机制,利用固相萃取与分馏技术,将生活垃圾衍生的溶解性有机质进行分馏,并采用荧光猝灭滴定与光谱分析探究各馏分与Cu的络合作用. 结果表明,分馏共得到4种组分,分别为疏水酸性组分、疏水中性组分、疏水碱性组分和亲水性组分,按C含量分别占5.64%、64.37%和11.66%和18.33%. 在这4个组分的三维荧光光谱中观察到5个荧光峰:A(Ex/Em = 240/425 nm,类富里酸物质)、C1和C2(Ex/Em = 270/425 nm和Ex/Em = 315/412 nm,类腐殖酸物质)、T1(Ex/Em = 240/354 nm,类色氨酸物质)和T2(Ex/Em = 275/358 nm,微生物代谢产物);其中在疏水中性组分中观察到3个荧光峰A、C1和C2. Cu对疏水中性组分的络合顺序为:405—450 nm >383 nm >397 nm >323—340 nm;Ryan-Weber模型拟合表明络合稳定常数(lgK):C2(4.10)>A(3.97)>C1(3.91);这表明与Cu络合时类腐殖酸物质优先于类富里酸物质. 总体来说,生活垃圾衍生的溶解性有机质的主要成分为疏水中性组分,与Cu络合可以改变疏水中性组分的分子微环境,从而改变Cu的形态和归趋,影响其生物有效性和生态毒性.Abstract: In order to reveal the composition and interaction mechanism with heavy metals, the dissolved organic matter derived from domestic waste biochar was processed by solid-phase extraction and fractionation techniques, and the complexation of each fraction with Cu was explored by fluorescence quenching titration and spectral analyses. The results showed that four components were obtained by fractionation, and they were hydrophobic- acidic component, hydrophobic-neutral component, hydrophobic-base component, and hydrophilic substance, accounting for 5.64%, 64.37%, 11.66% and 18.33% respectively according to the content of C. Five fluorescence peaks were observed in the three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of these four components: A (Ex/Em = 240 /425 nm, fulvic acid like substance), C1 and C2 (Ex/Em = 270/425 nm and Ex/Em = 315 /412 nm, humic acid like substance), T1 (Ex/Em = 240/354 nm, tryptophan like substance) and T2 (Ex/Em = 275/358 nm, microbial metabolite). In addition, three fluorescence peaks (A, C1 and C2) were observed in the hydrophobic-neutral component. The complexation order of Cu with hydrophobic-neutral components was 405—450 nm > 383 nm > 397 nm > 323—340 nm, and the Ryan Weber model fitting showed that the complexation stability constant (lgK) was C2 (4.10) > A (3.97) > C1 (3.91). Furthermore, it shows that humic-acid like substances are superior to fulvic-acid like ones when being complexed with Cu. In general, the main components of dissolved organic matter derived from domestic waste are hydrophobic-neutral components and its complexation with Cu can change the molecular microenvironment of the hydrophobic-neutral component, and mediate the morphology and fate of Cu in term of bioavailability and ecotoxicity.
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表 1 100 μmol·L−1 Cu和Pb的添加后HOA和HON组分的荧光峰特征
Table 1. Fluorescent peak characteristics of HOA and HON with the addition of Cu and Pb of 100 μmol·L−1
组分
ComponentA峰
Peak AC1峰
Peak C1C2峰
Peak C2(Ex/Em)/
nm荧光强度/R.U.
Fluorescence intensity(Ex/Em)/
nm荧光强度/R.U.
Fluorescence intensity(Ex/Em)/
nm荧光强度/R.U.
Fluorescence intensityHOA — — — — 305/405 6.040 HOA+Cu 240/392 4.500 260/389 3.355 280/383 4.980 HOA+Pb 240/394 7.796 260/396 4.922 305/402 6.970 HON 240/414 1.517 275/422 1.126 315/412 1.182 HON+Cu 240/405 1.368 295/408 0.963 315/401 0.969 HON+Pb 240/415 1.414 255/413 1.024 320/408 1.100 表 2 HON组分中荧光峰强度与Cu络合作用的拟合参数
Table 2. Fitting parameters for fluorescence peak intensity and Cu complexation in the HON fraction
峰
PeakFend-F0/(R.U.) F0/
(R.U.)$ f $
/%Fend/
(R.U.)R2a lgK CL (×10−4)/(mol·L−1) R2b P c A 0.83 1.50 55.55 0.67 0.96 3.97 1.70 0.97 <0.001 C1 0.56 1.06 52.73 0.50 0.98 3.91 2.74 0.98 <0.001 C2 1.07 1.20 89.05 0.13 0.96 4.10 6.59 0.93 <0.001 注:a式(2)拟合的回归系数;b式(1)拟合的回归系数;c式(1)和式(2)的显著性检验值,由于均为P <0.001,故未分开. Notes: a regression coefficient fitted by equation (2); b regression coefficient fitted by equation (1); c significance test values for equation (1) and equation (2), which are not separated due to both two values with P < 0.001. -
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