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随着可用磷资源的减少以及对水环境质量需求的提升,废水中磷的去除和回收工艺越来越受到关注. 从废水中回收磷资源,不仅能缓解磷矿石危机,还能从源头解决磷污染问题,具有广阔的应用前景[1-2]. 目前,常用的废水磷回收技术主要有磷酸铵镁结晶法、羟基磷酸钙结晶法(HAP)、生物富集法、离子交换法以及膜生物反应器等[3-7]. 其中,HAP结晶法在处理不同浓度的含磷废水方面有着广泛应用,尤其适用于强化生物除磷系统中从厌氧沉淀池出水(磷酸盐浓度0—20 mg·L−1)中回收磷[8].
HAP结晶过程包括前体物质的生成和转化,在碱性条件下,溶液中的磷与钙离子反应生成透磷钙石(CaHPO4·2H2O)、无定型磷酸钙(Ca3(PO4)2·xH2O)、磷酸八钙(Ca4H(PO4)3·2.5H2O)、磷酸钙(Ca3(PO4)2)等磷酸钙盐,这些前驱体在不同条件下可以相互转化,最终形成热力学上更加稳定的HAP晶体,实现磷的回收与利用,这一过程受pH值、过饱和度、Ca/P摩尔比、温度、晶种种类及投加量、杂质离子等物理化学因素的影响[9-12]. 在这些影响因素中,杂质离子对磷结晶过程的影响研究较少,尤其是城镇污水中不容忽视的重金属离子. 有研究结果表明,在磷结晶体系中,重金属离子并不是稳定地存在于液相环境中,而是体现出强烈地向磷结晶产物中活跃迁移的特性,进而对磷回收产物的循环利用造成潜在环境风险[13-16],但以往的研究主要集中在磷酸铵镁和透钙磷石结晶体系上,重金属对HAP结晶的相组成和结构的影响研究则较少,也很少考虑HAP结晶的生长和熟化,缺少从诱导时间、结晶速率等结晶动力学层面的评价.
因此,本研究选取了废水体系中常见的3种具有较大生物毒性的重金属离子(Pb2+、Cd2+、Cr3+),分别从结晶动力学、结晶产物组成以及反应终点磷去除率3个方面,探究重金属离子的添加对HAP结晶除磷的影响,以期为高纯度的羟基磷酸钙产物的回收提供理论指导.
Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅲ)对羟基磷酸钙结晶过程及产物的影响
Effects of Pb(Ⅱ), Cd(Ⅱ) and Cr(Ⅲ) on crystallization process and products of hydroxyapatite
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摘要: 本文通过批量结晶实验,探究了3种生物毒性较大的典型重金属离子(Pb2+、Cd2+、Cr3+)对羟基磷酸钙(HAP)结晶动力学和反应体系磷去除率的影响,并利用能谱、X射线衍射和傅里叶红外光谱表征手段,结合Visual MINTEQ 3.1模拟软件对结晶产物进行了分析. 实验结果表明,低浓度(<20 mg·L−1)的Pb2+能提高HAP结晶速率,但会抑制磷的去除,当Pb2+浓度大于20 mg·L−1后,能反向促进除磷,且初始浓度与诱导时间呈显著正相关;Cd2+和Cr3+均会降低HAP结晶速率,抑制幅度Cr3+>Cd2+,但Cd2+对结晶体系除磷有促进作用,Cr3+则呈稳定的抑制作用. 对结晶产物的分析结果表明,Pb2+主要生成铅羟基磷灰石(Pb5(PO4)3OH、Ca2.5Pb7.5(PO4)6(OH))及磷氯铅矿(Pb5(PO4)3Cl),Cd2+主要形成Cd3(PO4)2沉淀物,Cr3+的产物主要是Cr2O3和Cr(OH)3.Abstract: Batch crystallization experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of three typical heavy metal ions with relatively high biological toxicity (Pb2+, Cd2+ and Cr3+) on the crystallization kinetics and phosphorus removal rate of hydroxyapatite crystallization (HAP). The phase composition of crystallization products was analyzed by energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, combined with Visual MINTEQ 3.1 simulation software. The experimental results indicated that Pb2+ could increase HAP crystallization rate at low concentration (<20 mg·L−1), but inhibit phosphorus removal. When the concentration of Pb2+ was greater than 20 mg·L−1, it could promote phosphorus removal in reverse, and the initial concentration of Pb2+ was significantly positively correlated with induction time. Both Cd2+ and Cr3+ could reduce HAP crystallization rate and the order of inhibitory effect was Cr3+>Cd2+. However, Cd2+ promoted phosphorus removal in crystallization system, while Cr3+ showed stable inhibition. The results of the analysis of the crystallization products showed that Pb2+ mainly formed lead hydroxyapatite (Pb5(PO4)3OH、Ca2.5Pb7.5(PO4)6(OH)) and pyromorphite (Pb5(PO4)3Cl) and Cd2+ mainly formed Cd3(PO4)2 precipitate. The products of Cr3+ were Cr2O3 and Cr(OH)3.
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Key words:
- hydroxyapatite /
- crystallization /
- heavy metal /
- kinetics /
- product.
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表 1 结晶体系含25 mg·L−1 Pb2+时主要的过饱和物质及相应的饱和指数SI
Table 1. Major supersaturated substances and their saturation indexes in the crystal system containing 25 mg·L−1 Pb2+
过饱和物质
Supersaturated substance饱和指数
Saturation index过饱和物质
Supersaturated substance饱和指数
Saturation indexPb5(PO4)3Cl(c) 34.193 PbHPO4(s) 2.826 Pb5(PO4)3Cl(soil) 30.163 HAP 15.168 Pb5(PO4)3(OH) 23.674 Ca4H(PO4)3·3H2O(s) 4.884 Pb3(PO4)2(s) 13.483 Ca3(PO4)2 (beta) 4.843 Pb2(OH)3Cl(s) 3.907 Ca3(PO4)2 (am2) 4.173 Pb(OH)2(s) 3.761 Ca3(PO4)2 (am1) 1.423 注:SI<0时表示物质在溶液中的浓度未超过其溶解度,不会沉淀;而SI>0时物质将过饱和,出现沉淀. 表中未列出饱和指数<1的物质.
Note: SI<0 means that the concentration of the substance in the solution does not exceed its solubility and will not precipitate. SI>0 means that the substance will be supersaturated and will precipitate. Substances with a saturation index less than 1 are not listed in the table.表 2 结晶体系含10 mg·L−1 Cd2+时主要的过饱和物质及相应的饱和指数SI
Table 2. Major supersaturated substances and their saturation indexes in the crystal system containing 10 mg·L−1 Cd2+
过饱和物质
Supersaturated substance饱和指数
Saturation indexCd3(PO4)2 (s) 4.149 Hydroxyapatite 15.109 Ca4H(PO4)3·3H2O (s) 4.82 Ca3(PO4)2 (beta) 4.802 Ca3(PO4)2 (am2) 4.132 Ca3(PO4)2 (am1) 1.382 CaHPO4 (s) 0.263 表 3 结晶体系含2.5 mg·L−1 Cr3+时主要的过饱和物质及相应的饱和指数SI
Table 3. Major supersaturated substances and their saturation indexes in the crystal system containing 2.5 mg·L−1 Cr3+
过饱和物质
Supersaturated substance饱和指数
Saturation indexCr2O3 (c) 5.377 Cr(OH)3 (am) 2.519 Hydroxyapatite 15.181 Ca4H(PO4)3·3H2O (s) 4.896 Ca3(PO4)2 (beta) 4.852 Ca3(PO4)2 (am2) 4.182 Ca3(PO4)2 (am1) 1.432 CaHPO4 (s) 0.29 -
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