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复配农药的出现,解决了现有作物病虫害对农药产生的交叉抗性及多抗性问题[1],主要遵循复配农药有效成分不应发生化学反应[2],不改变其理化性质的原则,以达到农药增药效、减药害的效果[3]。目前,农药污染土壤修复技术主要包括物理修复、化学修复以及生物修复。其中,物理修复和化学修复两种技术同时具备周期短、效率高等优异特性,但也存在工程量大、费用高、容易产生二次污染等缺点。基于以上特征,物理修复与化学修复更适合用于高农药残留浓度的土壤修复,如农药现场污染修复。生物修复虽然修复周期相对较长,但由于其经济环保,对生态系统友好等优点,更适合于中低残留浓度农药污染土壤的修复,如农田土壤。目前应用较多的农田土壤生物修复主要包括微生物修复、植物修复、菌根修复等。基于此,本文综述了近年来主要复配农药在土壤环境中主要降解方式及重要环境行为,旨在为复配农药在土壤环境修复中的研究提供有价值的参考。
复配农药污染土壤的微生物修复研究进展
Research progress of microbial remediation of soil contaminated by compound pesticide
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摘要: 随着农药使用量的急剧增加以及农药种类的发展,农药在土壤中的残留累积情况越来越严重,引起了社会广泛的关注,但以往对农药污染的研究主要集中在农药单体上,而复配农药作为现今的使用热点,没有得到足够的重视。本文以现有复配农药在土壤环境中的研究情况为基础,针对目前应用较多的除草剂、杀虫剂、杀菌剂之间的复配情况进行分析,以典型复配农药在土壤环境中的降解情况及环境行为为研究对象,介绍复配农药在土壤环境修复中的研究进展,为农药污染处理方面提供参考。Abstract: With the rapid increase of pesticide application and the development of pesticide types, the accumulation of pesticide residues in soil is becoming more and more serious, which has aroused widespread concern in the society. However, the research on pesticide pollution at present mainly focuses on single pesticide, while combine pesticides, as a hot topic in the present, have not been paid enough attention. Based on the research of existing compound pesticides in soil environment, this paper analyzed the combined situation among herbicides, insecticides and fungicides which were widely used at present. In addition, the degradation and environmental behavior of typical combined pesticides in soil environment were taken as the research object, and the research progress of compound pesticides in soil environmental remediation was also introduced, which provided reference for pesticide pollution treatment.
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Key words:
- combined pesticide /
- soil environment /
- remediation method /
- environmental behavior
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表 1 复配除草剂特点及用途
Table 1. Characteristics and application of compound herbicide
复配除草剂
Herbicide mixture药剂
Herbicide结构式
Structural formula单剂性质
Herbicide properties单剂用途
Applicability降解菌
Degrading bacteria复配农药作用
Herbicide mixture action苄·二氯 苄嘧
磺隆纯品:白色、无臭、固体;
性质:水溶液中稳定,酸性中分解缓慢,土壤移动性小;
毒性:低毒。择性内吸传导型除草剂,可防除水稻田莎草和阔叶杂草,麦田阔叶杂草,但是对稗草处理效果较差。 短杆菌[9]、巨大芽孢杆菌[10]、无色杆菌[11]。 扩大除草谱,适用于稻田等的不同杂草类型。 苄·二氯 二氯喹
啉酸纯品:白色、晶体,
性质:稳定,不易降解,生物累积性;
毒性:高。选择性激素除草剂,对水稻田单子叶杂草和稗草可有效防除,对莎草和阔叶杂草的防除效果较差。 克雷伯氏菌[12]、蒙氏假单胞菌[13]。 苄·乙 乙草胺 纯品:浅棕色、液体;
性质:稳定,不易挥发与光解,持久性好,土壤移动性小;
毒性:中。选择性除草剂,对棉田、玉米田、大豆田等一年生禾本科杂草和部分一年生阔叶杂草均有去除作用。 鞘氨醇单胞菌[14]、红球菌[15]、枯草芽孢杆菌[16]。 扩大杀草谱,适用于稻田和大苗移栽田。 苄·丁 丁草胺 纯品:淡黄色、油状液体;
性质:常温中性、弱碱性条件下稳定,强酸加速分解,难溶于水,土壤中可降解;
毒性:对人、畜低毒。选择性内吸传导型芽前除草剂,用于防除稻田、小麦、大麦等作物田的杂草、莎草和一些阔叶杂草。 克雷伯氏杆菌[17]、代尔夫特菌[18]、恶臭假单胞菌[19]。 提高农药持效性,扩大杀草谱,可用于水稻抛秧田和移栽田。 烟·莠 莠去津 纯品:无色、结晶固体;
性质:中性、碱性、微酸性下稳定,强酸、强碱较高温度下使其水解,残效期短;
毒性:对人、畜低毒。选择内吸性传导型除草剂,防治一年生禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草,及某些多年生杂草,适用于玉米、高粱田等。 金色节杆菌、假单胞菌以及微杆菌[20]。 用于去除玉米田一年生和多年生禾本科杂草、一些阔叶杂草。 烟嘧磺隆 纯品:白色、结晶;
性质:稀水溶液、土壤环境中易分解,残留期长。内吸性传导型除草剂,主治玉米田内一年、多年生阔叶杂草、莎草科杂草,及稗草。 黑曲霉[21]、贝莱斯芽孢杆菌[22]、枯草芽孢杆菌[23]。 烟·硝·莠 硝磺草酮 纯品:褐色、淡黄色固体;
性质:对环境无影响。广谱内吸选择性触杀型除草剂,可除玉米田里一年生阔叶杂草。 短小芽孢杆菌[24]。 属于选择性除草剂,除草迅速安全,杀草谱广,防除大部分禾、阔、莎杂草。 表 2 复配杀虫剂特点及用途
Table 2. Characteristics and application of compound insecticide
复配杀虫剂
Insecticide mixture药剂
Insecticide结构式
Pesticide properties单剂性质
Pesticide properties单剂用途
Applicability降解菌
Degrading bacteria复配作用
Insecticide mixture action氯氰·
毒死蜱毒死蜱 纯品:白色结晶固体;
性质:土壤残留期较长,挥发性较高。去除水稻、小麦、棉花、果蔬、茶树等,多种咀嚼式和刺吸式口器害虫。 枯黄假单胞菌[25]、苍白杆菌、硝基还原假单胞菌[26]、芽孢杆菌[27]。 增强药效,具有触杀、内吸、熏蒸、胃毒四种特效杀虫功能。适用于水稻、玉米、豆类等作物。 氯氰·
毒死蜱氯氰
菊酯工业品:黄色至棕色、黏稠固体;
性质:对光稳定,弱酸、中性下稳定,碱性分解;
毒性:中等。对鳞翅目害虫活性极高。用于棉花、水稻、蔬菜、果树和茶叶等作物的去除,适合做土壤杀虫剂。 米曲霉[28]、鲁氏不动杆菌[29]、苏云金杆菌[30]. 毒死蜱·
吡虫啉吡虫啉 纯品:白色、晶体;
性质:土壤中稳定性高,高效、残留性低;
毒性:低毒。具有内吸、胃毒、拒食、驱避等除草作用,可防除刺吸式口器害虫及其抗性品系。 碱腈芽孢杆菌[31]、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌[32]. 有胃毒、内吸和触杀等作用。用量少,药效高,可防除水稻、小麦、棉花等作物田的刺吸式口器害虫。 联苯·
噻虫胺联苯菊酯 纯品:白色、固体;
性质:杀虫谱广,作用迅速,残效期长;
毒性:剧毒。杀虫、螨,防除棉花、蔬菜、果树、茶树等害虫。 醋酸钙不动杆菌[33]、代尔夫特菌[34]、寡养单胞菌[35]。 具有触杀、胃毒、熏蒸作用;且活性高、具有强内吸性。适用于防治蚜虫、跳甲、飞虱等害虫。 噻虫胺 纯品:白色、结晶粉末;
性质:活性高、内吸活性好、广谱高效;
毒性:低毒。去除水稻、 果树、 蔬菜、 茶叶、 棉花等作物田的同翅目。 苍白杆菌、肠杆菌、不动杆菌、单胞菌、寡养单胞菌[36]. 表 3 复配杀菌剂特点及用途
Table 3. Characteristics and application of compound fungicide
复配杀菌剂
Bactericide
mixture药剂
Bactericide结构式
Structural formula单剂作用
Bactericide properties适用作物
Applicability复配作用
Bactericide
mixture action唑醚·
代森联吡唑醚菌酯 纯品:白色至浅米色、无味、结晶体;
性质:广谱杀菌,高效、广谱;
毒性:低毒。从谷物、柑橘、葡萄、香蕉、大豆、蔬菜和草坪中去除多种病原体和种子处理。 可阻碍病菌入侵、病菌传播和清除体内病菌。具有见效快、疗效可靠、药效持久、对农作物安全等优点。 代森联 纯品:白色、粉末;
工业品:灰白色或淡黄色、粉末;
性质:保护性杀菌剂;
毒性:低毒。主要防治梨黑星病、霜霉病、瓜菜疫病、田间作物锈病等,适用于梨、苹果、香蕉、蔬菜、花卉及粮食作物。 甲霜·
霜霉威甲霜灵 纯品:白色、晶体;
性质:在酸性、中性中稳定,高效内吸性杀菌剂,低残留,药效长;
毒性:低毒。可作为烟草、橡胶树、葡萄、啤酒花、水果、蔬菜等的杀菌剂,尤其是卵菌引起的疾病。 内吸保护性杀菌剂,适用于霜霉菌、疫霉菌、腐霉菌引起作物病害。 霜霉威盐酸盐 纯品:白色、晶体;
性质:土壤中稳定性高,高效、低残留;
毒性:低毒,对人、畜、植物安全等。防治霜霉病、疫病、猝倒病等病害,适用于黄瓜、西瓜、茄子、葡萄、萝卜、烟草等多种作物。 多·锰锌 多菌灵 纯品:白色、结晶;
工业品:淡黄褐色、粉末;
性质:热稳定,对酸碱不稳定,高效广谱,持效期长;
毒性:低毒。内吸性杀菌剂,适用于麦类及瓜果蔬菜等,对许多子囊菌、半知菌及各种担子菌有效,可防治三麦赤霉病等。 内吸性杀菌剂,防治谱广,不易产生耐药性,持续时间长,同时具备保护和治疗作用。适用于果树、蔬菜、烟草等作物的多种真菌性病害。 代森锰锌 纯品:白色、粉末;
工业品:灰白色或淡黄色、粉末;
性质:广谱、低残留、高效、多作用位点;
毒性:低毒。叶面保护广谱性杀菌剂,可防治多种叶部真菌病害,可施用于果树、蔬菜以及大田作物等。 -
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