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《全国土壤污染状况调查公报》[1]显示,全国土壤环境质量不容乐观,农田土壤环境质量更加令人堪忧。研究显示,我国粮食主产区耕地土壤重金属点位超标率达到21.49%[2]。土壤的可持续利用以及粮食安全与土壤中重金属污染水平息息相关[3],农田污染将直接影响农产品质量和粮食安全,最终影响人类健康[4-5]。小麦是世界三大粮食作物之一,也是我国主要粮食作物。国家统计局发布的数据显示,2019年全国小麦播种面积为2373万公顷,仅次于玉米和稻谷[6]。然而,众多研究显示,小麦主产区土壤存在不同程度的重金属污染[7-9],小麦籽粒重金属超标也较为严重[10-12]。张丙春等[13]对山东主产区小麦重金属污染进行调查,结果发现诸城、郯城、茌平、齐河、莱阳等地小麦籽粒Cd和Cr综合污染评价为警戒水平,个别样点达中度污染水平。康国华等[14]在黄河开封灌区采集122个小麦籽粒样品,发现小麦籽粒中Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn和Ni超标率分别为8.20%、0.82%、37.71%、94.26%和10.66%。雄安新区企业密集区周边农区调查结果显示,96.67%小麦根系土壤样品存在1种以上重金属含量超过《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险筛选值标准》(GB 15618—2018),分别有96.67%和16.67%的小麦籽粒样品中Pb、Cd含量超出《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762—2017)[15]。河南省某煤矿区周边小麦地Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn 和Cd的平均值分别为河南省土壤元素背景值的1.32、1.67、4.49、2.20、12.77倍,相应的超标点位所占比例分别为:80%、92%、92%、92%、100%[16]。
在农田土壤—作物系统中,土壤重金属与小麦吸收重金属的关系十分复杂[17],作物籽粒重金属累积程度与土壤理化性质、作物品种、气候条件等外界因素密切相关。赵科理等[18]认为,土壤理化性质对重金属的迁移转化起着重要作用,土壤低pH、有机质含量和电导率可促进重金属在土壤—水稻系统中迁移吸收,而高pH、电导率及粉粘质地均不利于土壤—水稻系统中重金属富集。刘克[19]也发现,土壤pH和可溶性有机质是制约小麦籽粒富集Pb和Cd的关键因子。利用多元回归方程构建小麦籽粒Cd累积方程显示,在土壤全Cd含量、 pH、 OM和CEC这4个因子的共同控制下,相关系数达到最大(R=81%)[20]。杨素勤等[21]在轻度污染条件下研究了20个小麦品种对Pb吸收差异,结果显示具有Pb低积累特性的有花培8号、平安8号、周麦20、同舟麦916和豫农201。翁南燕等[22]研究表明,随着温度升高,小麦幼苗生物量与对照相比没有显著差异,但小麦幼苗对Cu、Cd吸收量均显著增加。
农田土壤中的重金属可以通过多种暴露途径被人体摄入从而引起人体健康风险,最主要的为土壤-作物-食物暴露[23]。新乡市是国家商品粮基地和全国优质小麦生产基地,小麦种植面积达到618.9万hm2。以往文献对作物受污染程度研究较多,而由于污灌而对此地区周边土壤—农作物系统的重金属污染评价, 特别是植物重金属富集和健康风险评价方面研究鲜见报道。
本研究以河南省新乡市某冬小麦种植农田为研究对象,在田块尺度开展小麦与土壤样品点对点采集,分析土壤与小麦籽粒中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr和Ni含量特征,小麦重金属含量的空间分布预测采用反距离权重插值法,探究土壤理化性质与小麦籽粒重金属含量的关系,应用综合目标危害商数法(TTHQ)对研究区小麦籽粒重金属健康风险进行综合评价,为受重金属污染农田小麦的安全生产提供可靠依据和科学指导。
污灌区土壤—小麦系统中重金属富集特征及其对人体健康风险评价
Characteristics of heavy metals in the soil-wheat system of sewage irrigation area and its health risk assessment
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摘要: 以河南省某污灌区小麦农田为研究对象,土壤与小麦籽粒点对点样品采集,分析土壤与小麦籽粒重金属含量特征和空间分布规律,探究影响小麦籽粒重金属累积的关键土壤理化因子,采用单一目标危害商数(THQ)与综合目标危害商数(TTHQ)评估研究区小麦籽粒重金属对人体健康风险。研究表明,研究区土壤Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr和Ni总量分别为6.40、35.52、0.95、24.35、319.60、21.71 mg·kg−1,其中Cd、Pb和Cr含量超过河南省土壤重金属含量背景值,而Cr和Cd含量超过《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》(GB 15618—2018)筛选值。小麦籽粒中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr和Ni含量分别为4.14、28.07、0.09、0.45、0.54和0.42 mg·kg−1,分别有54、18、59、5份籽粒样品Cd、Pb、Cr和Ni含量超过食品安全标准(GB 2762—2017)。小麦籽粒重金属含量与土壤理化性质呈现出较高的非线性关系。小麦籽粒重金属健康风险评价结果表明,儿童Cu和Zn的THQ值范围分别在0.50—1.62和0.49—1.47,其中>1%的样品占比分别为29.32%和17.28%,部分小麦籽粒中Cr、Cd、Pb同时对成人和儿童也有一定的健康风险;成人与儿童TTHQ均值分别为3.30和5.58,范围分别在1.38—18.15与2.30—30.66之间,TTHQ值>1的样品数为100%。THQ与TTHQ风险值均表现为儿童>成人。Abstract: Taking wheat farmland in a waster irrigation area of Henan Province as the research object, soil and wheat grain point-to-point samples were collected to determine the characteristics of heavy metal contents in soil and wheat grain, and then we explored the key factors of soil physio-chemical characteristics that affect uptake of heavy metals in wheat grain. Single target hazard quotient (THQ) and comprehensive target hazard quotient (TTHQ) were used to evaluate the health risk of heavy metals in wheat grains to human health in the study area. The contents of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr and Ni in the study area were 6.40, 35.52, 0.95, 24.35, 319.60, and 21.71 mg·kg−1, Cd, Pb and Cr content exceeded the background value of heavy metal content in Henan Province, and Cr and Cd content exceed the screening value of soil pollution risk control standard of Soil Environmental Quality Control Standards for Soil Pollution Risk on Agricultural Land (GB 15618-2018). The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr and Ni in wheat grains were 4.14, 28.07, 0.09, 0.45, 0.54, and 0.42 mg·kg−1, and there were 54, 18, 59 and 5 wheat grain samples of Cd, Pb, Cr and Ni, respectively, exceeded the food safety standard (GB 2762—2017). Nonlinear results showed higher correlation between heavy metals in wheat grains and soil physical and chemical properties. Health risk evaluation showed that THQ of Cu, Zn was 0.50—1.62 and 0.49—1.47, respectively, and the samples of THQ>1 was 29.32% and 17.28% respectively. Cr, Cd, and Pb in some of wheat grain samples exhibited health risks to both adults and children. The mean values of TTHQ for adults and children were 3.30 and 5.58, ranging from 1.38 to 18.15 and 2.30 to 30.66, respectively. The samples of TTHQ > 1 was 100%. THQ and TTHQ risk values showed children > adults.
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Key words:
- soil /
- wheat grain /
- heavy metal /
- health risk
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表 1 综合目标危害商数各参数含义及参考值
Table 1. Meanings and reference values of parameters of integrated target hazard quotient
参数
Parameter含义
Implications成人参考值
Adult reference value儿童参考值
Child reference valuesEF 暴露频率/(d·a−1) 365 ED 暴露年限/a 70 Ccrop 小麦籽粒重金属含量/(mg·kg−1) 实测值 IR 小麦日摄取速率/(g·d−1) 375 289.63 BW 体重/kg 70 32 AT 平均暴露天数/d ED×365 表 2 研究区小麦籽粒单一与综合目标危害商数
Table 2. Harm quotient of single and comprehensive target of wheat grain in study area
项目
Project元素
Element人群
Crowd最大值
Maximum最小值
Minimum均值
Mean>1%占比/% 单一目标危害商数(THQ) Cr 成人 8.60 0.34 0.96 27.23 儿童 14.53 0.57 1.62 82.72 Ni 成人 0.42 0.05 0.11 0 儿童 0.71 0.09 0.19 0 Cu 成人 0.96 0.3 0.56 0 儿童 1.62 0.50 0.94 29.32 Zn 成人 0.87 0.29 0.50 0 儿童 1.47 0.49 0.85 17.28 Cd 成人 2.06 0.18 0.48 4.19 儿童 3.49 0.30 0.81 19.90 Pb 成人 5.23 0.23 0.69 10.99 儿童 8.84 0.38 1.17 43.46 综合目标危害商数(TTHQ) 成人 18.15 1.38 3.30 100.00 儿童 30.66 2.34 5.58 100.0 -
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