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目前,全球正面临能源危机和环境污染的双重挑战。光解水制氢将太阳能转化成化学能,既能提供清洁能源又可避免传统能源的环境污染。因此,光解水制氢引起了人们的广泛关注。由于可见光占太阳光的绝大部分,拓宽可见光的利用是提高太阳光利用率的有效手段。基于此,开发可见光驱动的光催化剂对于光解水制氢具有十分重要的意义。
近年来石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)在可见光催化领域受到人们的青睐[1-3]。一方面是因石墨相氮化碳的中等宽度带隙(2.7 eV)的能带结构具有与石墨相似的二维结构和优异的光催化性能;另一方面是因为其合成原料易得、制备条件简便,具有推广应用的潜力。然而,单纯的g-C3N4还存在一些不足,如比表面积低、光生载流子复合快、导电性较差等限制了它的推广应用。因此,人们采取多种手段对其进行改性以提升g-C3N4的光催化性能。为了增大其表面积,由块体结构转向超薄片层结构。苏跃涵等[4]将g-C3N4制备成超薄的片层材料,可提升其比表面积,同时提升其光降解抗生素的催化性能。Cao等[5]在超薄片层的g-C3N4表面引入了-NH3官能团,其光催化固氮的反应活性得到增强。为了提高g-C3N4电荷空穴分离效率,采用金属离子或非金属离子改性[6-7]。Liu等[7]发现g-C3N4中引入氯,氯原子以插入层间的方式存在,可有效提高电荷空穴分离能力。
贵金属改性不仅可以提升材料的光催化性能,还可以省略氯铂酸等助催化剂的添加[8]。Huang等[9]发现,在g-C3N4表面沉积Pd,其光解水产氢的性能提升了数百倍。Liu等[10]在超薄TiO2纳米片上负载高度分散Pt纳米颗粒,其光催化还原CO2的性能也显著增强。由于贵金属价格昂贵,在贵金属纳米粒子中引入二元金属,既可减少贵金属的用量降低成本,还可以通过合成方法、改变比例等手段来调控二元金属粒子的形貌及界面作用,从而优化其催化性能。Naulani-Garcia等[11]发现,PdCo/g-C3N4相较于Pd/g-C3N4对甲酸催化降解的活性得到提升;Ye等[12]合成了PdCu/g-C3N4并将其用于硝酸根离子的催化还原反应发现,Cu的引入使催化剂的活性和选择性均有显著提升。本课题组前期的研究发现PdAg粒子改性的g-C3N4比单独Pd粒子改性g-C3N4具有更高的光解水产氢性能,主要是由于PdAg间的界面效应有利于电子的富集,促进光生电荷空穴的分离[13]。在此基础上,进一步合成了PdCu、PdCo、PdIr的3种双金属粒子,考察了引入元素离子半径和电负性变化对二元金属性质及光催化性能的影响规律。
本文通过乙二醇还原法合成了PdM(M=Cu、Co、Ir)纳米粒子,将其负载到g-C3N4表面,评价了PdM/g-C3N4催化剂可见光驱动下光解水产氢的性能,并结合XRD、TEM、XPS及光电化学参数等表征手段对样品性质进行表征,进而讨论其中的作用机理。
PdM/g-C3N4 (M=Cu、Co、Ir) 催化剂制备及其可见光驱动光解水制氢反应性能
Study of the visible-light photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen evolution on PdM/g-C3N4(M=Cu,Co,Ir)
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摘要: 贵金属基光催化剂在可见光驱动分解水产氢反应中具有十分优异的性能,却面临价格贵、利用率较低的问题。本文采用乙二醇还原法,将金属Cu、Co、Ir分别引入到贵金属Pd粒子中形成二元PdM金属粒子,负载到g-C3N4表面制得催化剂。在可见光驱动下分解水产氢性能测试结果表明,二元金属Co、Ir的引入相较于0.05 g单金属负载催化剂的4 h产氢量都有明显提升,而Cu则稍微有所降低,最高产氢量是215 μmol。并且使得Pd原子的平均产氢量增至1.4—4.4倍。光催化性能提升的主要原因是由于PdM粒子负载增强了样品对光的吸收,促进了光生电子与空穴的分离,增加了样品的亲水性降低了水分子吸附能。另外,二元金属的引入可显著提升Pd原子的平均产氢量。尤其是与过渡金属Co形成PdCo粒子,其4 h产氢性能与PdIr接近,但其价格远低于Ir。因而PdCo/g-C3N4催化剂具有很好的经济性。Abstract: Noble metal based photocatalysts have excellent performance toward the hydrogen evolution by water splitting under visible light irradiation, but some disadvantages are present, such as expensive, low utilization, etc. In this study, by the polyol reduction method, the elements of copper (Cu), cobalt (Co) and iridium (Ir) were introduced into Pd nanoparticles to prepare PdM bimetallic nanoparticles, which were loaded on the surface of g-C3N4. The results of hydrogen evolution indicated that compared to pristine Pd/g-C3N4, the hydrogen amounts of 0.05 g Pd(Co, Ir)/g-C3N4 catalysts have significant hydrogen evolution increase in 4 h, while Cu has a slight decrease, the highest one achieved 215 μmol. And the introduction of Cu, Co, Ir increases the hydrogen evolution of average Pd atoms by 1.4—4.4 times. The improvement of catalytic performance is attributed to the increased light absorption, the separation of electron and hole, the hydrophilic property, and the decreased adsorption energy with water reactant of the PdM/g-C3N4 catalysts. Furthermore, the average produced hydrogen amount of Pd atom was increased by introducing of M, PdCo/g-C3N4 displayed a similar catalytic performance with PdIr/g-C3N4. On the basis of that cobalt is cheaper than iridium, PdCo/g-C3N4 is very economical.
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表 1 PdM粒子物理参数
Table 1. Physical parameter of PdM particles
样品
Samples(111)衍射峰位置 2θ/(°)
(111)Difraction peak 2θ(111) 晶面间距d/nm
(111)Interplanar spacing dM原子半径/nm
Metal atomic radiusPd 40 0.225 0.169 PdCu 40.28 0.224 0.145 PdCo 40.08 0.225 0.152 PdIr 39.32 0.229 0.180 -
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