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四环素类抗生素是由人工合成或者在放线菌繁殖过程中产生的代谢产物中被提取的一种能够抑制或者杀灭微生物的化合物,其中盐酸四环素(tetracycline hydrochloride, TCH)是一种典型的四环素类抗生素,被广泛应用于制药和畜牧养殖等行业[1-4]。由于TCH不能被动物完全代谢,未代谢的TCH可通过粪便和尿液排泄到水环境中,对土壤和水体会造成一定程度的污染。当人类饮用含有一定浓度TCH的水时,会出现胃肠道刺激、呕吐、腹泻和肾功能衰竭等症状[5-6]。因此,有效去除土壤和水体中的TCH是一个亟待解决的问题。
目前报道的对废水中抗生素类污染物的处理方法包括生物法、光催化法、吸附法和膜分离法等[7-8]。其中,光催化技术因其成本低、环境友好、降解效率高和反应稳定性好等优点受到广泛关注[9]。光催化原理为:当半导体材料被能量大于或等于其禁带宽度的光子激发时,在其价带和导带的位置分别形成具有较强氧化性的光生空穴和较强还原性的光生电子,其又可与水、OH−、氧气分子等反应生成羟基自由基(∙OH)、超氧自由基(
$ \cdot {\rm{O}}_2^ - $ )等活性含氧物质。在光生电子、光生空穴或活性含氧物质的作用下,难以降解的大分子有机污染物会被降解成低毒或无毒的小分子化合物,甚至直接降解成水和二氧化碳等无机物[10]。TiO2具有催化活性高、价格便宜、稳定性好、无毒及无二次污染等优点,被广泛应用于光催化领域[11-12]。近年来,研究者制备了多种不同形貌的纳米TiO2材料。其中,三维分层结构在增加比表面积和提高光收集能力方面具有优异性能,已受到广泛关注[13]。海胆状TiO2纳米结构作为一种典型的三维分层结构光催化剂,已经被应用于光催化降解染料和酚类有机化合物等。FAN等[14]通过钛酸四丁酯的水解作用制备了具有高光催化活性的海胆状TiO2纳米结构,在紫外光照射下对RhB进行降解取得了显著的效果。YU等[15]通过草酸钛钾的水解作用制备了海胆状TiO2纳米结构,对甲基橙和苯酚的降解效果明显优于商用P25。GUO等[16]研制了碳量子点均匀修饰的海胆状TiO2微球,其可以高效降解苯酚和亚甲基蓝。然而,在TiO2纳米材料中光生电子-空穴对的复合率较高,制约了其广泛的实际应用,如何进一步提高其性能成了一大难题[17]。已有研究[18-19]表明,TiO2与其他半导体(如ZnO、Cu2O、CeO2等)耦合构建异质结构是抑制光生电子-空穴对快速复合的有效方法。苏海英等[20]以TiCl3为TiO2钛源,二聚氰胺为g-C3N4前驱体,制备了g-C3N4/TiO2复合材料,其对布洛芬具有显著的降解效果。YU等[19]制备的空心TiO2@g-C3N4/Co3O4复合材料对四环素和甲基橙具有较好的降解效果,最终在60 min内降解了91.6%的四环素和97.8%的甲基橙。除此之外,吸附与光催化的协同作用能够更好地去除土壤和水体中的有机污染物[21-23]。因此,构筑具有良好吸附能力的异质结构是进一步提高TiO2纳米材料光催化性能的有效方法。基于此,我们制备了一种用于高效去除废水中TCH的海胆状TiO2/ZnO异质结复合材料,通过SEM、TEM、XRD、XPS及气体吸脱附等方式对复合材料进行了表征分析,并探索了ZnO的负载量对光催化性能的影响;随后检测了TCH降解过程中的中间降解产物变化,并基于自由基淬灭实验推测了TCH降解过程中可能的反应机制。
海胆状TiO2/ZnO微球的制备及其光催化性能
Synthesis and photocatalytic performance of urchin-like TiO2/ZnO microspheres
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摘要: 为了提高TiO2光催化剂的性能,采用两步水热法,以草酸钛钾和六水合硝酸锌为原料,制备得到了海胆状TiO2/ZnO复合微球;利用X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜及气体吸附仪对该复合材料的晶体结构、元素组成、表面形貌、比表面积等进行了表征和分析;以盐酸四环素(TCH)作为目标降解物,以300 W氙灯为光源,对所制备材料的光催化性能进行了评价;考察了ZnO的负载量对材料催化性能的影响;根据自由基淬灭剂实验结果推测了降解过程中的活性物质。结果表明:所制备的海胆状微球具有较大的比表面积和适宜的介孔分布,对TCH具有良好的吸附能力,可为其高效光催化降解奠定基础;60 mg六水合硝酸锌与0.2 g TiO2微球混合制备的TiO2/ZnO微球(TZ60)具有最佳光催化性能,光照4 h后对初始质量浓度为100 mg·L−1 TCH的去除率和矿化率分别为99.3%和41.4%;TCH被降解为小分子有机物或矿化为CO2、H2O等无机物,在降解过程中h+和
$ { \cdot {\rm{O}}_2^ -} $ 主要活性物质。-
关键词:
- 水热法 /
- 海胆状微球 /
- TiO2/ZnO复合材料 /
- 盐酸四环素 /
- 光催化降解
Abstract: In order to improve the performance of TiO2 photocatalysts, urchin-like TiO2/ZnO microspheres were prepared by K2TiO(C2O4)2 and Zn(NO3)2·6H2O via a facile two-step hydrothermal method. The crystal structure, element composition, surface morphology and specific surface area of as-prepared microspheres were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and gas adsorption apparatus. Furthermore, the photocatalytic property of prepared microspheres was investigated by degrading the tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) solution under the irradiation of 300 W Xenon lamp. Moreover, the effect of ZnO content in the composite microspheres on the photocatalytic performance was investigated, and the active species were detected and identified by different kinds of radical scavengers. The results showed that the prepared urchin-like microspheres had large specific surface area and suitable mesoporous distribution, and good adsorption capacity toward TCH, which laid a foundation for their high photocatalytic degradation performance on TCH degradation. The TiO2/ZnO microspheres (TZ60) synthesized by 60 mg Zn(NO3)2·6H2O and 0.2 g TiO2 microspheres had the best photocatalytic activity. After 4 hours illumination, the final removal rate and mineralization rate of TCH with initial concentration of 100 mg·L−1 could reach 99.3% and 41.4%, respectively. TCH was photodegraded into small molecule organics or mineralized into CO2, H2O and so on, and h+ and$ \cdot {\rm{O}}_2^ - $ were the main active species during photodegradation process. -
表 1 TiO2和TZ60微球的孔结构参数
Table 1. The pore structure parameters of TiO2 and TZ60 microspheres
样品 BET比表面积/(m2·g−1) 孔体积/(cm3·g−1) 平均孔径/nm TiO2 123.07 0.40 11.79 TZ60 131.17 0.42 11.75 -
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