-
含镍废渣和废水的排放会污染地下水。受镍污染的地下水作为饮用水源时会危害人体健康[1],主要是对皮肤、神经和心脑血管系统等造成损害[2],1990年国际癌症研究所确定Ni(Ⅱ)及其化合物对人体具有致癌性[3]。因此,我国对水中Ni(Ⅱ)的标准也越来越严格,《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848-2017)中规定,I类水中Ni(Ⅱ)含量不能超过2 μg·L−1[4]。有研究者发现,Ni(Ⅱ)在长江水体中暴露的质量浓度均值为168.14 μg·L−1,其中采样点最高检出质量浓度为480 μg·L−1,在海河和珠江流域平均暴露质量浓度也超标,分别为11.11 μg·L−1和15.87 μg·L−1[5]。目前,去除水中Ni(Ⅱ)的方法包括化学沉淀法、电解法、离子交换法、膜分离法和吸附法等[6-10]。其中,吸附法操作简单、成本低且不易造成二次污染,是目前去除水中Ni(Ⅱ)的主要方法之一。
目前,用于去除水中Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附剂主要有活性炭[11]、多壁碳纳米管[12]、石墨烯[13]和沸石[14]等。其中,多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)是一种表面分布均匀,具有独特中空多层结构和高化学稳定性的新型碳纳米材料,被广泛应用于水中重金属的吸附研究[15]。但MWCNTs作为纳米材料在溶液中易团聚[16],从而导致其对水中Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附效能有限。因此,为了提高MWCNTs在水中的分散性和吸附效果,有必要对MWCNTs进行改性。有研究者发现,改性MWCNTs的最常用方法为表面氧化法[17]。LI等[12]用H2O2、HNO3和KMnO4氧化处理后的MWCNTs去吸附去除水中Cd2+,结果表明,氧化处理后MWCNTs的孔容和比表面增加,吸附能力增强,且经KMnO4氧化后的MWCNTs对水中Cd2+的吸附量最大,为11.0 mg·g−1。FARGHALI等[17]用H2O2和HNO3混合物制备氧化MWCNT,对Ni(Ⅱ)的去除率可达83%。这主要是由于H2O2和HNO3氧化作用可以破坏MWCNT的内管空间,甚至部分打开尖端并将MWCNT分解成较小的碎片,改善了MWCNT的分散性,并且氧化处理后MWCNT表面上的含氧官能团(例如—COOH,—OH和—C=O)的数量大大增加,可以提供更多化学吸附位点。不难看出,氧化改性MWCNTs主要是通过常用的氧化剂,使原本疏水的MWCNTs表面产生大量的亲水性含氧官能基团(羧基、羟基和酯类)[18]。亲水性含氧官能基团一方面能在溶液中发生解离从而降低MWCNTs表面的Zeta电位值,进而增强其对带正电金属离子(Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+和Ni2+等)的静电吸引力[19];另一方面可降低MWCNTs颗粒之间的范德华力,从而提高MWCNTs在水中的分散性[20]。同时,为了进一步提高氧化MWCNTs在水中的分散性,有研究人员采用超声的方法,主要通过在溶液中生成的微小气泡瞬间爆破,产生大的能量冲击波使通过范德华力粘结在一起的MWCNTs团族分离[21]。
鉴于上述原因,本研究旨在通过超声氧化的方法研制出一种水中Ni(Ⅱ)的高效吸附剂——超声氧化多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs-Mn),该方法一方面可提高其在水中的分散性,另一方面可增强其对水中Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附效能。首先,通过单因素变量法优化MWCNTs-Mn的制备条件;然后采用动力学和等温吸附考察了MWCNTs-Mn对水中Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附效能;最后基于表面物化特性表征探究了MWCNTs-Mn对水中Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附机理,以期为水中Ni(Ⅱ)的有效去除方法提供参考。
超声氧化多壁碳纳米管对水中Ni(II)的吸附效能
Adsorption efficiency of Ni(II) in water by ultrasonically oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes
-
摘要: 针对地下水中微量致癌物——Ni(Ⅱ)的超标问题,开发了一种超声氧化多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs-Mn)吸附剂,并将其用于去除水中Ni(Ⅱ)。通过单因素变量法优化了MWCNTs-Mn的制备条件,基于动力学和等温吸附实验考察了MWCNTs-Mn对水中Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附效能,最后基于表面物化特性分析了MWCNTs-Mn对水中Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附机理。结果表明:在KMnO4投量为2.1 g、超声氧化时间为2.5 h、温度为35 ℃时,MWCNTs-Mn对Ni(Ⅱ)吸附效能最佳,MWCNTs-Mn对水中Ni(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量可达22.37 mg·g−1,比氧化前提高了16.61倍;MWCNTs-Mn对水中Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附可用Langmuir等温吸附模型(R2=0.996 2)和准二阶动力学吸附模型(R2=0.997 1)拟合,说明该吸附为单分子层吸附和化学吸附;与超声氧化前相比,MWCNTs-Mn的中孔孔容降低了72.25%,O含量增加了12.68%,这说明超声氧化增加了MWCNTs-Mn表面的亲水性含氧官能基团(羟基和羧基)含量,并通过与水中Ni(Ⅱ)的表面络合进而提高其吸附效能。此吸附材料的优化合成可为地下水中Ni(Ⅱ)的有效去除提供技术支持。Abstract: In order to solve the problem of excessive Ni(II), a kind of trace carcinogen in ground water, we herein developed an efficient adsorbent for Ni(II) in this study, which was called ultrasonically oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs-Mn). Firstly, the preparation conditions of MWCNTs-Mn was optimized by single factor variable method, and the adsorption efficiency of MWCNTs-Mn toward Ni(II) in water was investigated through kinetics and isothermal adsorption, and then the adsorption mechanism was explored based on the surface physicochemical characterization. The results showed that the highest adsorption efficiency of MWCNTs-Mn toward Ni(II) occurred at the KMnO4 dosage of 2.1 g, ultrasonic oxidation time of 2.5 h and temperature of 35 ℃, and the maximum adsorption capacity of MWCNTs-Mn toward Ni(II) in water was 22.37 mg·g−1, which was 16.61 times higher than that before oxidation; the adsorption of Ni(II) in water by MWCNTs-Mn could be fitted with Langmuir(R2=0.996 2) and quasi-second-order kinetic adsorption model(R2=0.997 1), indicating that the adsorption was a monolayer and chemical adsorption; compared with that before ultrasonic oxidation, the mesopore volume of MWCNTs-Mn decreased by 72.25%, the oxygen amount increased by 12.68 %, which suggested that the ultrasonic oxidation improved the amount of hydrophilic oxygen-containing functional group(hydroxyl and carboxyl) on the surface of MWCNTs-Mn. The improved adsorption performance was accomplished by the surface complexation with Ni(II) in water. The optimized synthesis of the adsorbent material can provide a good theoretical basis and technical support for the effective removal of Ni(II) from groundwater.
-
Key words:
- ultrasonic oxidation /
- multi-walled carbon nanotubes /
- adsorption /
- Ni(II)
-
表 1 超声氧化前后MWCNTs的动力学吸附模型拟合参数
Table 1. Fitting parameters of kinetic adsorption model of MWCNTs before and after ultrasonic oxidation
材料类型 qe/(mg·g−1) 准一阶动力学参数 准二阶动力学参数 k1/
min−1R2 k2/
min−1R2 MWCNTs 1.270 0 0.001 8 0.982 4 0.046 7 0.653 2 MWCNTs-Mn 22.370 0 0.004 8 0.979 8 0.533 9 0.997 1 表 2 超声氧化前后MWCNTs的等温吸附模型拟合参数
Table 2. Fitting parameters of isotherm adsorption model for MWCNTs before and after ultrasonic oxidation
类型 Langmuir模型参数 Freundlich模型参数 qe/
(mg·g−1)KL/
(L·mg−1)R2 n KF R2 MWCNTs 1.270 0 0.080 5 0.982 3 1.934 2 0.135 3 0.868 7 MWCNTs-Mn 22.370 0 0.264 1 0.996 2 2.798 0 5.004 3 0.775 3 表 3 超声氧化前后 MWCNTs的比表面积及孔容孔径分布
Table 3. Specific surface area and pore volume distribution of MWCNTs before and after ultrasonic oxidation
类型 微孔/(cm3·g−1) 中孔/(cm3·g−1) 总孔/(cm3·g−1) 比表面积/(m2·g−1) 平均孔径/nm MWCNTs 0.021 2.690 2.711 161.190 67.260 MWCNTs-Mn 0.017 0.725 0.742 181.280 33.097 表 4 超声氧化前后MWCNTs的元素分析
Table 4. Elemental analysis of MWCNTs before and after ultrasonic oxidation
类型 元素含量/% N C S H O MWCNTs 0.474 93.960 0.118 0.049 1.399 MWCNTs-Mn 0.334 84.060 0.163 0.364 14.079 -
[1] 杨悦锁, 朱一丹, 张文卿, 等. 地下水系统中镍污染和天然胶体共迁移特征[J]. 吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 2020, 50(1): 226-233. [2] MENDE M, SCHWARZ D, STEINBACH C, et al. The influence of salt anions on heavy metal ion adsorption on the example of nickel[J]. Materials, 2018, 11(3): 373-388. doi: 10.3390/ma11030373 [3] DOLL R, ANDERSEN A, COOPER W, et al. Report of the international committee on nickel carcinogenesis in man[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 1990, 16(1): 1-82. [4] 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 地下水质量标准: GB/T 14848-2017[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2017. [5] 何佳, 时迪, 王贝贝, 等. 10种典型重金属在八大流域的生态风险及水质标准评价[J]. 中国环境科学, 2019, 39(7): 2970-2982. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2019.07.034 [6] 唐朝春, 许荣明. 电化学法除镍研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2018, 38(12): 10-14. doi: 10.11894/1005-829x.2018.38(12).010 [7] 赵欣, 吴忆宁, 靳敏. 单室微生物电解池处理含镍模拟废水[J]. 环境工程学报, 2017, 11(5): 2792-2796. doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.201511007 [8] 张耀辉, 高柳, 徐军, 等. 臭氧催化氧化处理化学镀镍废水[J]. 环境工程学报, 2020, 14(2): 342-348. doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.201904044 [9] MA J, QIN G, ZHANG Y, et al. Heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions by calcium silicate powder from waste coal fly-ash[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 182: 776-782. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.115 [10] WANG J, ZHANG L, ZHANG T, et al. Selective removal of heavy metal ions in aqueous solutions by sulfide-selector intercalated layered double hydroxide adsorbent[J]. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2019, 35(9): 1809-1816. [11] ZHANG X, HAO Y, WANG X, et al. Adsorption of iron(III), cobalt(II), and nickel(II) on activated carbon derived from xanthoceras sorbifolia bunge hull: mechanisms, kinetics and influencing parameters[J]. Water Science and Technology, 2017, 75(8): 1849-1861. doi: 10.2166/wst.2017.067 [12] LI Y, WANG S, LUAN Z, et al. Adsorption of cadmium(II) from aqueous solution by surface oxidized carbon nanotubes[J]. Carbon, 2003, 41(5): 1057-1062. doi: 10.1016/S0008-6223(02)00440-2 [13] ZHAO J, HE M. Theoretical study of heavy metal Cd, Cu, Hg, and Ni(II) adsorption on the kaolinite(001) surface[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2014, 317: 718-723. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.08.162 [14] 孙帅, 李明玉, 任刚, 等. 改性沸石粉吸附去除微污染水中Ni(II)的实验研究[J]. 生态科学, 2013, 32(3): 351-354. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-8873.2013.03.015 [15] YANG X, DONG J, YAO M, et al. Diamond-graphite nanocomposite synthesized from multi-walled carbon nanotubes fibers[J]. Carbon, 2021, 172: 138-143. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2020.10.024 [16] GUPTA A, VIDYARTH S R, SANKARARAMAKRISHNAN N. Enhanced sorption of mercury from compact fluorescent bulbs and contaminated water streams using functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2014, 274: 132-144. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.03.020 [17] FARGHALI A A, ABDEL TAWAB H A, ABDEL MOATY S A, et al. Functionalization of acidified multi-walled carbon nanotubes for removal of heavy metals in aqueous solutions[J]. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 2017, 7(2): 101-111. doi: 10.1007/s40097-017-0227-4 [18] 于飞. 改性碳纳米管的制备及其对苯系物和重金属吸附特性研究[D]. 上海: 上海交通大学, 2013. [19] 曾超. 改性多壁碳纳米管对水中Sb(III)的去除效能及机理研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2013. [20] YU X Y, LUO T, ZHANG Y X, et al. Adsorption of lead(II) on O2-plasma-oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes: Thermodynamics, kinetics, and desorption[J]. ACS Applied Material Interfaces, 2011, 3(7): 2585-2593. doi: 10.1021/am2004202 [21] 王宝民, 韩瑜, 葛树奎, 等. 碳纳米管在水性体系中的分散性能及机理[J]. 哈尔滨工程大学学报, 2014, 35(10): 1206-1211. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-7043.201303081 [22] HOU P, CANNON F S, NIETO-DELGADO C, et al. Effect of preparation protocol on anchoring quaternary ammonium/epoxide-forming compound into granular activated carbon for perchlorate adsorption: Enhancement by response surface methodology[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2013, 223(3): 309-317. [23] 叶智新, 任刚. 酰胺化/氧化碳纳米管-聚苯胺吸附三价砷[J]. 环境工程学报, 2019, 13(12): 2798-2807. doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.201901100 [24] TAN L, LIU Q, JING X, et al. Removal of uranium(VI) ions from aqueous solution by magnetic cobalt ferrite/multiwalled carbon nanotubes composites[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2015, 273: 307-315. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2015.01.110 [25] 郑雯婧, 林建伟, 詹艳慧, 等. 氯化十六烷基吡啶改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐的吸附作用[J]. 环境科学, 2013, 34(11): 4325-4332. [26] HONGLAY C P, CHENG-FENG H, DAH-WEI T D, et al. Adsorption of mercury from water by modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes: Adsorption behaviour and interference resistance by coexisting anions[J]. Environmental Technology, 2014, 35(13-16): 1935-1944. [27] CHEN C, HU J, SHAO D, et al. Adsorption behavior of multiwall carbon nanotube/iron oxide magnetic composites for Ni(II) and Sr(II)[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 164(2/3): 923-928. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.08.089 [28] AHMADI S, IAWEGBE C A, RAHDAR S, et al. The survey of application of the linear and nonlinear kinetic models for the adsorption of nickel(II) by modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes[J]. Applied Water Science, 2019, 9(4): 98-105. doi: 10.1007/s13201-019-0978-9 [29] SHIN K, HONG J, JANG J. Heavy metal ion adsorption behavior in nitrogen-doped magnetic carbon nanoparticles: Isotherms and kinetic study[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011, 190(1/2/3): 36-44. [30] 乔畅. 多壁碳纳米管分散性能的研究[D]. 太原: 太原理工大学, 2016. [31] YU F, WU Y, MA J, et al. Adsorption of lead on multi-walled carbon nanotubes with different outer diameters and oxygen contents: Kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2013, 25(1): 195-203. doi: 10.1016/S1001-0742(12)60023-0 [32] DAIFULLAH A A M, YAKOUT S M, ELREEFY S A. Adsorption of fluoride in aqueous solutions using KMnO4-modified activated carbon derived from steampyrolysis of rice straw[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2007, 147: 633-643. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.01.062 [33] CHEN G, SHAN X, WANG Y, et al. Adsorption of 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol by multi-walled carbon nanotubes as affected by Cu(II)[J]. Water Research, 2009, 43(9): 2409-2418. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.002