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聚糖菌(glycogen accumulating organisms, GAOs)是强化生物除磷(enhanced biological phosphorus removal,EBPR)系统中一类重要的功能微生物,基于它们在好氧阶段合成糖原的特征,MINO等[1]将其命名为GAOs。聚磷菌(polyphosphate accumulating organisms,PAOs)是EBPR系统参与除磷的主要功能微生物。很多报道指出,GAOs在低磷等特定条件下会在EBPR系统中大量增殖,造成除磷效果的恶化[2-3]。有研究表明,GAOs与PAOs竞争进水有机质,但不参与磷酸盐的去除,从而造成EBPR系统性能的恶化[4-5]。GAOs对于实际EBPR系统的影响尚处于模糊阶段,而在正常运行的EBPR污水厂中可同时监测到GAOs和PAOs,因此,有研究者认为适量的GAO可能是有效进行EBPR的好迹象。寻求GAOs快速富集的手段不仅可以完善聚糖菌功能基因及代谢机理的研究,同时可为GAOs的开发利用提供依据。
GAOs对于碳源利用的特殊性为高C/P有机废水的处理提供了新的思路和理论支撑。近年来,由于GAOs在有机废水中可以较高效率生产聚β-羟基烷酸脂(poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates,PHAs)[6-7],并在反硝化过程中发挥重要作用,故受到了广泛关注[8]。因此,稳定聚糖菌模型的建立方法是后续GAOs研究的必要条件。目前,富集GAOs的方法主要有使用低P/C配水及梯度降低进水磷酸盐的浓度[9]。这2种构建GAOs体系的方式也存在一定弊端:一是驯化时间相对较长;二是有可能GAOs的富集比例达不到预期,影响后续实验内容[10]。因此,建立一种快速高效富集GAOs的方式对于GAOs功能特性的研究十分重要。由于微生物群落结构的组成对于活性污泥体系处理废水具有重要意义,更丰富的群落结构可增强系统抗冲击负荷能力,确保出水的水质指标达标,特定菌群的存在也可能与系统功能菌群存在相互作用,同样也会影响活性污泥的处理效果,所以GAOs富集过程的群落组成进行分析是必要的。
本研究通过厌氧末排水及限制进水磷酸盐浓度的策略,在序批式反应器(sequencing batch reactor,SBR)中快速高效地富集了GAOs,通过宏基因组方法,分析了驯化过程中的群落演替特征、糖原代谢相关基因丰度变化,并进一步验证了该策略的可行性和有效性。
聚糖菌快速富集方法的建立及群落特性分析
Rapid enrichment of glycogen accumulating organisms and analysis of community characteristics
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摘要: 为研究聚糖菌(GAOs)模型的群落结构及糖原相关功能基因的表达变化,通过厌氧末排水及磷限制条件的双重策略,建立快速、稳定的聚糖菌模型。应用宏基因组学技术测定了GAOs体系菌群结构的动态变化,并分析在驯化过程中糖原代谢通路关键功能基因的调节作用。结果表明,经过40 d左右的驯化,反应器呈现出典型的GAOs代谢模式,厌氧利用糖原吸收乙酸合成PHA,好氧消耗PHA补充糖原。稳定期的厌氧期糖原降解/VFA吸收、PHA合成/VFA吸收的值分别为1.036、2.468,与GAOs的化学计量学模型接近。宏基因组结果显示,反应器中包含Candidatus Contendobacter、Candidatus Competibacter和Candidatus Propionivibrio aalborgensis 3类GAOs,分别占细菌总数的7.13%、1.86%和0.20%,稳定期GAOs丰度增长为接种污泥的10.4倍左右。驯化过程对反应器内的糖原合成酶(glgA)和1, 4-α-葡聚糖分支酶(GBE1, glgB)等糖原代谢相关基因丰度有明显影响,且系统中同时存在糖酵解途径(glycolytic pathway)和ED途径(Entner-Doudoroff pathway)。以上结果从微观结构揭示了GAOs的富集过程菌群结构及糖原相关功能基因的作用,可为完善GAOs的代谢机理提供参考。Abstract: A fast and stable model of glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) was established to study the community structure of GAOs model and the changes in the expression of glycogen-related functional genes by the dual strategies of anaerobic drainage and phosphorus restriction. The dynamic changes of bacterial community structure of GAOs system were determined by metagenomics. The regulation of key functional genes of glycogen metabolism pathway in the cultivable process was analyzed. Results showed that after about 40 days of domestication, the reactor showed stable metabolic characteristics of GAOs, whereby glycogen was consumed to absorb acetate to synthesize PHA in the anaerobic period and PHA was consumed to supplement glycogen in the aerobic period. The values of glycogen degradation/VFA absorption and PHA synthesis/VFA absorption in stable anaerobic phase were 1.036 and 2.468 respectively, which were close to the stoichiometric model of GAOs. The metagenomic results showed that Candidatus Contendobacter, Candidatus Competibacter and “Candidatus Propionivibrio aalborgensis” in the reactor accounted for about 7.13%, 1.86% and 0.20% of the total bacteria, respectively, and the GAOs abundance in the stable period was about 10.4 times that of initial sludge. The process had a significant effect on the abundance of glycogen metabolism-related genes such as glycogen synthetase (glgA) and 1, 4- α-glucan branching enzyme (GBE1, glgB) in the reactor, and there were both glycolysis pathway and ED pathway in the system. The microbial community structure and the function genes of glycogen-related function in the enrichment process of GAOs were revealed from the microstructure, which provided reference for improving the theory of metabolic mechanism of GAOs.
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表 1 本研究中的厌氧生化转化指标与PAOs和GAOs模型的比较
Table 1. Comparison of the anaerobic biochemical transformations indicators from this paper with the metabolic models for acetate uptake by PAOs and GAOs
模型类型 P/VFA Gly/VFA PHB/VFA PHV/VFA PHA/VFA PAO模型[17] 0.50 0.50 1.33 0.00 1.33 GAO模型[18] 0.00 1.12 1.36 0.46 1.85 PAO-GAM[19] 0.08 1.08 1.74 0.28 2.02 本研究(43 d) 0.003 1.036 1.950 0.518 2.468 注:P/VFA为厌氧磷酸盐释放(以P计)与厌氧VFA吸收(以C计)的摩尔比;Gly/VFA为厌氧糖原消耗(以C计)与厌氧VFA吸收(以C计)的摩尔比;PHB/VFA为厌氧PHB合成(以C计)与厌氧VFA吸收(以C计)的摩尔比;PHV/VFA为厌氧PHV合成(以C计)与厌氧VFA吸收(以C计)的摩尔比;PHA/VFA为厌氧PHA合成(以C计)与厌氧VFA吸收(以C计)的摩尔比。 表 2 GAOs富集过程中属水平群落多样性的变化
Table 2. Changes of genus-level community diversity during the enrichment of GAOs
多样性指数 第1天 第4天 第16天 第20天 第39天 第43天 Simpson’s diversity 0.990 3 0.988 6 0.991 4 0.993 5 0.992 7 0.993 0 Shannon-Wiener 0.204 0 0.219 7 0.193 9 0.161 3 0.065 5 0.069 6 -
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