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随着市政污水处理量逐年递增,导致污泥产量及污泥处理压力也迅速增加。目前污泥的主要处置方式有卫生填埋、焚烧、建材利用和土地利用等。然而,污泥中含有大量有机质、氮磷钾等营养物质,有利于其资源化、能源化处理。利用城市污水厂污泥制备污泥活性炭是上世纪80年代出现的一种新型污泥资源化利用途径[1]。相比于传统的污泥处理处置方法,市政污泥经高温碳化和活化制备污泥炭,在热解过程中能够杀死污泥中的病原体、固定污泥中的重金属和碳元素,具有良好的环境效益和经济效益[2-3]。在过去十几年里,污泥碳化制备生物炭应用于有机污染物的吸附与降解已取得一些研究进展[4-6]。
厌氧颗粒污泥法能有效处理高浓度有机废水,例如啤酒废水、制药废水和煤化工废水等,其工艺具有效率高、成本低、操作方便等优势[7-8]。厌氧颗粒污泥是微生物自絮凝的结果,为疏松结构且含大量的营养物质。由于厌氧颗粒污泥中含有大量的微生物,且种类丰富,故通过微生物新陈代谢作用可以将金属很好的分散在颗粒污泥中。以无定型污泥(活性污泥、脱水污泥等)作为底物制备污泥炭,其成型过程费用较高[9]。而颗粒污泥在厌氧反应过程中自然成型,并在热解后保持颗粒状态。因此,厌氧颗粒污泥是制备污泥炭的一种潜在原料[10],但还缺乏相关研究报道。
抗生素广泛应用于人类和动物的疾病预防与治疗,抗生素废水含有多种难降解且具有生物毒性的物质,污水处理厂对抗生素的最高转化率仅为81%,低浓度的抗生素也可能对环境造成潜在的影响。而催化湿式过氧化氢氧化技术(catalytic wet peroxide oxidation,CWPO)是一种处理难降解有机物废水的有效方法,其具有反应条件温和、试剂无毒[5]的特点。
本研究以厌氧颗粒污泥为原料制备污泥炭催化剂,以第1类头孢类抗生素——头孢氨苄为模型污染物,在CWPO体系中对其进行了降解实验,在此过程中考察了颗粒污泥炭的催化性能和稳定性,同时分析了颗粒污泥炭的理化性质,检测了中间产物并提出了可能的降解途径。本研究可为污泥的资源化、能源化利用和抗生素废水的高效治理提供参考。
磷酸改性颗粒污泥炭催化降解头孢氨苄
Catalytic degradation of cephalexin with phosphoric acid modified-anaerobic granular sludge based biochar
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摘要: 以厌氧颗粒污泥为底物制备了颗粒污泥炭(GSC-O),通过对其进行磷酸改性,获得了较高催化活性和较好稳定性的磷酸改性颗粒污泥炭(GSC-P)。在催化湿式过氧化氢氧化体系中,分别考察了温度、pH、过氧化氢投加量、催化剂投加量、反应物初始浓度和反应时间等因素对头孢氨苄降解的影响。结果表明,GSC-P的催化性能远高于GSC-O。GSC-P催化降解头孢氨苄的最佳反应条件宜为:温度60 ℃、pH为3、过氧化氢投加量为1.0 g·L−1、催化剂投加量为1.0 g·L−1、反应物初始浓度为100 mg·L−1和反应时间300 min,在此条件下头孢氨苄的转化率高达89.6%。此外,对GSC-P的稳定性进行了评价。在重复利用5次后,催化剂上的活性组分铁的溶出率仅为0.83%,头孢氨苄的转化率稳定在80%~88%。以上研究结果表明,以磷酸改性后的颗粒污泥炭的比表面积和孔容积增大、表面铁含量较多、官能团丰富,催化活性显著提升,且具有磁性,有利于回收利用。
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关键词:
- 厌氧颗粒污泥 /
- 污泥炭 /
- 头孢氨苄 /
- 催化湿式过氧化氢氧化
Abstract: In this study, anaerobic granular sludge was used to prepare the granular sludge based biochar of GSC-O, after phosphoric acid modification, GSC-P with high catalytic activity and stability was produced. In the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation system, the effects of temperature, pH, dosage of hydrogen peroxide and catalyst, the initiate reactant concentrations and reaction time on the degradation of cephalexin were investigated. The result showed that catalytic ability of GSC-P was much higher than GSC-O. The optimal reaction conditions for catalytic degradation of cephalexin with GSC-P were 60 ℃, pH=3, hydrogen peroxide dosage of 1.0 g·L−1, catalyst dosage of 1.0 g·L−1, the initial reactant concentration of 100 mg·L−1 and the reaction time of 300 min. Under these conditions, the conversion of cephalexin was as high as 89.6%. In addition, the stability of GSC-P was evaluated. After five-cycle use of GSC-P, only 0.83% of activated iron in the catalyst was leaching out. Cephalexin conversion maintained at 80%~88%. The result showed that phosphoric acid modification improved the specific surface area and pore volume of granular sludge carbon, the iron content and functional groups on the surface of GSC-P, as well as the catalytic activity. Besides, GSC-P possessed magnetic property which was beneficial for its recovery. -
表 1 颗粒污泥炭的元素组成、比表面积和孔隙特征
Table 1. Element composition, specific surface area and porous structure of granular sludge based biochar
样品 产率/% 元素含量/% 比表面积/
(m2·g−1)孔容积/
(cm3·g−1)C H O N S Si Al Fe Ca GSC-O 36.95 35.01 1.88 15.17 1.75 0.86 12.28 2.35 6.06 9.87 10.03 0.035 GSC-P 17.32 29.68 2.33 16.34 2.03 1.32 15.19 1.74 5.44 1.36 96.21 0.116 表 2 GSC-O和GSC-P的EDS元素面扫描结果
Table 2. EDS elemental surface scanning results of GSC-O and GSC-P
样品 元素百分占比/% C N O Al Si P S Ca Fe GSC-O 55 1 13 2 2 8 3 13 3 GSC-P 47 2 14 2 2 8 6 13 6 表 3 FT-ICR MS分析头孢氨苄催化降解中间产物的结果
Table 3. Intermediates identified by FT-ICR MS analysis during the cephalexin catalytic degradation
产物 分子式 m/z检测值 m/z理论值 离子类型 — C16H17N3SO4 348.101 4 348.101 3 [M+H]+ P1 C16H15N3SO6 400.057 8 400.057 4 [M+Na]+ P2 C15H19N3SO7 386.101 9 386.101 6 [M+H]+ P3 C15H19N3SO6 370.107 3 370.106 7 [M+H]+ P4 C8H10N2O 151.086 7 151.086 6 [M+H]+ P5 C6H9NO3S 174.023 2 174.023 0 [M+H]+ P6 C8H6O3 173.020 3 173.020 9 [M+Na]+ P7 C2H6N2O 147.088 1 147.088 7 [2M-H]- P8 C7H6O2 123.044 4 123.044 1 [M+H]+ P9 C4H8 111.117 8 111.117 9 [2M-H]- P10 C4H6O2 171.066 3 171.066 3 [2M-H]- -
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