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水产品需求增加导致养殖用水增加,这与水资源短缺的矛盾日益凸显[1]。雨水再生与回用是解决此矛盾的有效途径之一。其中,屋面雨水由于水质较好、量大且易集蓄,具有一定的开发利用潜力[2]。更大的屋面区域可收集到更多的优质屋面雨水资源[3],比如工厂化水产养殖模式、“渔光互补”光伏发电新能源项目以及养殖区附近的大型建筑等均具有巨大的屋面区域,有助于屋面雨水汇集储存。雨水集蓄可以为养殖水循环系统(RAS)提供新的水源,并且能够在新的生产周期内满足水生动物的生长需求。GALLEGO-ALARCON等[4]采用生物滤池联合砂滤法对收集的雨水进行处理回用,提高了鳟鱼的长度/体质量比率及降低其死亡率。此外,其他学者[5]也利用蓄水池中的雨水进行鲤鱼养殖,进一步证实了雨水收集回用于渔业养殖用水的可行性。因此,将屋面雨水进行集蓄处理后回用于养殖用水,是缓解养殖用水危机的一种有效途径[6]。
目前,屋面雨水的污染主要源于干/湿沉降、屋面材料的冲刷溶解析出或化学反应、农业秸秆燃烧和汽车排放尾气等[6]。现阶段关于雨水处理的技术主要有混凝、沉淀等,但传统的雨水处理方法具有能耗高、不易操作和占地面积较大等缺点[6-7]。因此,如何开发一种集约高效的雨水处理工艺至关重要。有研究[1]表明,现有关于养殖用水前处理方法主要包括沉淀过滤、混凝/絮凝、杀菌消毒和生物降解等,但单一传统的养殖用水处理技术存在除污效能低、化学残留物对水生生物具有毒害作用及处理成本高等问题[8]。因此,为了提高屋面雨水利用效率和促进养殖业绿色生态发展,亟需开发一种新的处理屋面雨水回用于养殖尾水的短流程耦合工艺。
近年来,膜技术凭借占地面积小、运行管理方便和出水水质良好等优点获得了迅速发展。其中陶瓷膜具有机械强度高、耐酸碱、抗氧化和使用寿命长等优异性能,已逐渐应用于水处理领域[9]。然而,膜污染是阻碍膜技术推广的主要瓶颈[10]。膜前预处理(包括氧化、混凝、吸附等)可有效缓解膜污染[11]。近年来,以电絮凝预处理耦合陶瓷膜构建短流程工艺,能够实现高效净水功能,同时还可以节省占地面积。具体来说,在电絮凝处理污水过程中,牺牲阳极会释放大量具有絮凝特性的Fe2+、Fe3+或Al3+等,这些离子会与阴极产生的OH−接触,从而吸附凝聚水中污染物,之后形成的较大絮凝体可被陶瓷膜截留[12-13]。此外,电絮凝的应用还可以结合太阳能优势,将太阳能转化为电能,进而提升电絮凝应用的便捷性,降低成本。因此,将电絮凝技术和陶瓷膜滤法联用,对于提高屋面雨水的处理效能和保障养殖用水的卫生安全性具有重要意义。然而,现有关于电絮凝预处理耦合陶瓷膜工艺处理屋面雨水回用于养殖用水的研究较少。
基于此,本研究构建了电絮凝耦合陶瓷膜滤处理屋面雨水的一体化系统,其中电絮凝应用于屋面雨水的预处理,继而采用陶瓷膜进行高效的固液分离,将陶瓷膜出水作为养殖用水,以期为短流程工艺处理屋面雨水回用于养殖用水提供参考。
电絮凝耦合陶瓷膜滤处理屋面雨水回用于养殖用水
Treatment of roofing rainwater using electro-flocculation coupled with ceramic membrane ultrafiltration process for aquaculture water reuse
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摘要: 为了应对水产品养殖业迅速发展对水资源需求的危机,开发了电絮凝耦合陶瓷膜滤的短流程工艺处理屋面雨水,旨在回用于养殖用水。首先以模拟雨水作为处理对象优化耦合工艺的运行条件,再基于优化的工艺条件,以实际雨水为处理对象进行净水效能和膜污染特性的考察。结果表明:耦合工艺对于屋面雨水的颗粒物、溶解性有机物(DOM)、总磷、重金属和微生物均具有较好的去除效能,同时处理出水达到养殖用水《无公害食品:淡水养殖用水水质》(NY 5051-2001)的水质要求(大肠菌群未检出,Zn<4.61 μg·L−1,Cu<4.31 μg·L−1);随着电流密度增大(2.63×10−3~7.89×10−3 A·cm−2),电絮凝可提升膜滤前进水絮体粒径(39~103 μm),陶瓷膜污染程度逐渐减缓;此外,在多周期运行过程中,电絮凝可使不可逆性膜污染的程度逐渐减弱。以上研究结果可为屋面雨水回用于养殖用水提供技术参考。Abstract: To tackle the crisis between water shortage and rapid development of aquaculture water demand, a shortened process of electro-flocculation coupled with ceramic membrane ultrafiltration was developed to treat roofing rainwater for aquaculture water reuse. Firstly, the operational parameters of the coupling process were optimized when treating the synthetic roofing rainwater. Then, based on the optimized conditions, the water purification efficiency and the membrane fouling characteristics of the coupling process were systematically explored when treating the actual rainwater. The result showed that electro-flocculation combined ceramic ultrafiltration process exhibited a high removal efficiency for particles, dissolved organic matter (DOM), total phosphorus, microorganism and so on, and the effluent could meet the aquaculture water quality requirements of “Pollution-free food: freshwater aquaculture water quality” (NY 5051-2001) (i.e., coliform was not detected, Zn<4.61 μg·L−1, Cu<4.31 μg·L−1). With the increase of current density (2.63×10−3~7.89×10−3 A·cm−2), electro-flocculation could increase the particle size of flocs(39~103 μm) in influent prior to membrane, and ceramic membrane fouling was gradually alleviated; Additionally, during a long-term operation of this coupling process, electro-flocculation could relieve irreversible membrane fouling. This study will provide a theoretical guidance and technical support for aquaculture water reuse from roofing rainwater.
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Key words:
- electro-flocculation /
- ceramic membrane /
- roofing rainwater /
- aquaculture water /
- membrane fouling
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表 1 模拟屋面雨水和实际屋面雨水水质
Table 1. Characteristics of synthetic and actual roofing rainwater
样品 温度/℃ pH 浊度/
NTU电导率/
(µS·cm−1)高锰酸盐
指数/(mg·L−1)UV254/
cm−1大肠菌群/
(个·L−1)Zn/
(µg·L−1)Cu/
(µg·L−1)模拟雨水 27.0~30.5 7.4~7.8 3.5 572~886 3.25~3.30 0.040~0.041 — 116.53 270.61 实际雨水 27.0~30.5 7.5 5.8 150 4.00 0.037 6.4×106 45.28 12.21 -
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