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随着我国工业企业“退二进三”改制进程的推进,产业结构加速调整,工业企业搬迁遗留了大量污染地块。利用有限的资源和资金对这些地块进行治理,成为当前土壤污染治理领域的紧迫任务。相对于污染源清除的治理方式,风险管控的成本更低、对环境的影响更小[1],是发达国家治理土壤污染的一种经济有效的选择[2]。鉴于土壤污染修复成本高昂,风险管控逐步成为我国在土壤污染防治领域的必然选择。2016年5月,国务院印发了《土壤污染防治行动计划》(后简称“土十条”),提出了“预防为主,保护优先,风险管控”的土壤污染治理原则。2019年1月1日实施的《中华人民共和国土壤污染防治法》进一步强化了该理念。在此期间,我国相继出台了一系列技术导则,初步建立了我国污染地块风险管控制度体系。然而,由于相关工作起步较晚,配套政策和具体的案例实践还有待进一步加强。
美国是最早开始污染地块治理和风险管控的国家。本文系统分析了美国环境保护署(United State Environmental Protection Agency, USEPA)污染地块风险管控的从无到有、从初级到高级的发展历程,阐述了其内涵逐渐深化、应用逐步广泛、动态管理制度逐步建立、公众参与制度不断完善的演变特征,基于此提出了明确内涵及路径、建立动态管理制度、完善全周期管理等我国污染地块风险管控的发展思路,以期为我国污染地块风险管控制度的建立提供参考。
美国污染地块风险管控的发展历程、演变特征及启示
Risk management and control of contaminated sites in the United States: Development process, evolution characteristics and enlightenment
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摘要: 系统分析了美国环境保护署从污染地块风险管控的酝酿阶段、形成阶段到发展阶段的演变历程,阐述其内涵逐步深化、在地块治理中采取风险管控的比重逐渐升高、动态全过程管理制度逐步建立以及公众参与制度逐步完善的演变特征。基于此,提出了对我国污染地块风险管控的几点启示,即:明确内涵及路径,实现弯道超车;建立动态管理制度,强化示范推广;完善地块全周期管理,注重公众参与。Abstract: The four evolutionary stages measures for risk management and control of contaminated sites by USEPA, namely the large-scale remediation stage, the embryo stage, the formation stage, and the developing stage, were systematically analyzed. The evolutionary characteristics for each stage were illuminated, which were the development of the concept, the increase of the proportion of risk management in site management, the establishment of dynamic, whole process management system and the improvement of public involvement. Furthermore, three suggestions of policies were pointed out: 1) to specify its connotation and path and realize overtaking at curves; 2) to establish dynamic management system and strengthen demonstration and promotion, and 3) to improve life cycle management of contaminated sites and encourage participation of stakeholders.
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Key words:
- contaminated site /
- risk management and control /
- concept /
- USEPA /
- superfund
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表 1 狭义和广义风险管控的区别与联系
Table 1. Differences and connections between the narrow and broad concepts of risk management and control
风险管控类别 类别间的联系
治理方式类别间的区别 本质 目标 决策依据 所处阶段 实施目的 狭义的风险管控 为切断传播途径而采取的地块治理方式,如阻隔技术、制度控制等。 一类切断传播途径为主的治理措施。 对场地污染进行源头控制。 主要考虑技术可行性。 主要处于地块治理方案的实施阶段。 对场地污染进行源头控制。 广义的风险管控 既是一类基于风险的地块治理措施,也是一种基于风险的地块治理理念。 将污染物风险控制在人体和环境可接受的范围内。 综合考虑经济、环境因素和社会因素。 通常包括地块调查、风险评估、治理方案的选择、治理方案的实施等阶段。 将风险控制在人体健康可接受的范围之内。 表 2 美国污染地块风险管控不同发展阶段的基本特征
Table 2. Characteristics of different development stages of risk management and control of contaminated sites in the United States
污染地块风险
管控各个阶段时间范围 起点事件 概念范畴 酝酿阶段 20世纪80年代中期至90年代中期 1986年美国国颁布《超级基金修正与重新授权法案》 狭义的风险管控 形成阶段 20世纪90年代中期至21世纪初 1995年美国测试和材料协会颁布《石油释放场址
基于风险的纠正行动标准准则》广义的风险管控 发展阶段 21世纪初至今 2006年美国成立绿色可持续组织 广义的风险管控 -
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