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近年来,由于高级氧化技术可以产生大量活性氧组分(ROS,如·OH、
${\rm{SO}}_4^{ \cdot - }$ 、1O2等),从而有效促进痕量微污染物的降解,故而该技术成为降解高风险微量有机物的重要手段,而且逐渐成为研究热点[1-2]。虽然单一的臭氧氧化法能有效去除不饱和芳香族和脂肪族化合物,但其对饱和有机化合物的去除率很低[3]。为了高效去除难降解的饱和的持久性有机污染物,本文通过选用一种高性能的催化剂催化臭氧产生更多的活性物质[4-6],以达到彻底去除污染物的目的。锰酸铜(CuMn2O4)尖晶石是一种密度较大的空心六面体,其晶体结构主要是由Mn4+与Cu2+搭建的,还有较少的Mn3+与Cu+增加了结构的缺陷程度。CuMn2O4可以催化臭氧产生具有氧化能力强、无选择性的·OH,从而有效提高臭氧对水体中难降解污染物的去除效果。有研究[7]指出,臭氧与CuMn2O4的结合对二苯甲酮-3的降解有明显的协同作用。然而,在实际使用过程中,CuMn2O4的密度大、容易团聚、不易分散的特性使其利用率很低。为了提高其利用率,需要选用另外一种催化剂进行耦合,弥补其在使用过程中的缺陷。研究表明,二维层状碳材料在催化臭氧氧化领域中有很好的效果[8]。因为二维层状碳材料不仅在平面内的热运输和电荷运输过程中具有突出的物理化学特性,而且与其他材料复合后可以产生良好的耦合效应[9-10]。石墨烯/还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)是其中一种极具吸引力的二维材料,具有卓越的化学稳定性、导电性和表面体积比[11-12]。此外,石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)是一种具有2.7 eV带隙的二维非金属聚合物半导体[13],在化学、热和光照射过程中具有较好的稳定性。同时,g-C3N4还是一种有效的催化剂载体[14-15],在其中掺杂选定的杂原子,通过电荷转移可以形成络合的复合材料[16-17]。因此,可以考虑将rGO和g-C3N4与CuMn2O4进行复合,应用于催化臭氧氧化过程中。与大多数亲脂性的有机防晒剂不同的是,二苯甲酮-4(BP-4)是一种亲水性的紫外线吸收剂,因其质地更轻、油性更少,被广泛应用于洗发水、剃须凝胶、止汗剂、化妆品和牙膏等日用品中[18]。但是,由于BP-4化学稳定性好、不易降解,因而被认为是一种伪持久性有机污染物,越来越受到人们的关注[19]。在目前的废水处理领域中常见的水处理方法并不能将其完全去除[20]。此外,由于rGO和g-C3N4在催化臭氧氧化过程中对臭氧氧化副产物溴酸盐有很好的抑制效果[8],因此,本研究将rGO和g-C3N4与CuMn2O4复合,来探究他们在催化臭氧氧化过程中对BP-4的降解效果以及溴酸盐生成的影响。
石墨烯和氮化碳改性CuMn2O4催化臭氧氧化效能的对比
Comparison of the performance of catalytic ozonation by CuMn2O4 modified by graphene and carbon nitride
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摘要: 为了开发新型功能材料,使用石墨烯(rGO)和石墨相C3N4(g-C3N4)对CuMn2O4进行改性。采用X射线衍射仪、比表面积分析仪、X射线光电子能谱仪和电化学工作站等对改性前后的CuMn2O4进行了表征;比较了改性前后CuMn2O4对二苯甲酮-4(BP-4)的降解效果以及对溴酸盐的抑制效果;分析了2种复合催化剂的结构与性能之间的关系。结果表明:2种复合催化剂的比表面积、总孔容积和平均孔半径均有所增加;与CuMn2O4相比,CuMn2O4/rGO的比表面积增大了17.68倍,CuMn2O4/g-C3N4的比表面积增大了5.09倍;rGO和g-C3N4的改性不仅增加了催化剂的氧空位,而且增加了催化剂的阻值;与CuMn2O4相比,CuMn2O4/rGO中氧空位(OV)的相对含量增加了2.51倍,CuMn2O4/g-C3N4中OV的相对含量增加了2.74倍,且CuMn2O4/rGO的阻抗增大了18.70%,CuMn2O4/g-C3N4的阻抗增大了46.93%;rGO和g-C3N4改性后的催化剂均能进一步加快BP-4的降解,与CuMn2O4相比,CuMn2O4/rGO催化臭氧降解BP-4的速率提高了5.98倍,CuMn2O4/g-C3N4催化臭氧降解BP-4的速率提高了5.37倍。但是,二者对于溴酸盐生成量的抑制效果存在显著差异,与CuMn2O4相比,CuMn2O4/rGO催化臭氧能使
$ {\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ 的生成量减少100%,而CuMn2O4/g-C3N4催化臭氧对$ {\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ 生成量的抑制效果没有提升。因此,CuMn2O4/rGO更适用于催化臭氧氧化过程。以上研究结果可以为多相催化臭氧氧化过程筛选新型高效催化剂提供参考。Abstract: In order to develop novel functional materials, CuMn2O4 was modified by graphite C3N4 (g-C3N4) and graphene (rGO). The modified and unmodified CuMn2O4 was characterized by XRD, specific surface area measurement, XPS and impedance test. The degradation efficiency of BP-4 and the elimination efficiency of$ {\rm{BrO}}_3^ - $ were compared. And the relationship between the structure and performance of CuMn2O4 before and after modification was explored. The results showed that BET specific surface area, total pore volume and average pore radius of the two composite catalysts increased. Compared with CuMn2O4, the specific surface area of CuMn2O4/rGO and CuMn2O4/g-C3N4 increased by 17.68 and 5.09 times, respectively. The modification of rGO and g-C3N4 not only increased the oxygen vacancy, but also increased the resistance of the catalyst. Compared with CuMn2O4, the relative content of OV in CuMn2O4/rGO and CuMn2O4/g-C3N4 increased by 2.51 times and 2.74 times, respectively. The resistance of CuMn2O4/rGO and CuMn2O4/g-C3N4 increased by 18.70% and 46.93%, respectively. Compared with CuMn2O4, the degradation rate of BP-4 by CuMn2O4/rGO increased by 5.98 times and the bromate formation yield decreased by 100%. The degradation rate of BP-4 by CuMn2O4/g-C3N4 increased by 5.37 times, and the bromate formation yield couldn’t be reduced further. Thus CuMn2O4/rGO was more suitable for the catalytic ozonation. The above research could provide a guidance for the selection of novel and efficient catalysts in the process of heterogeneous catalytic ozonation.-
Key words:
- catalytic ozonation /
- CuMn2O4 modification /
- graphene /
- graphite carbon dioxide /
- benzophenone-4 /
- bromate
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表 1 CuMn2O4,CuMn2O4/rGO与CuMn2O4/g-C3N4的XPS表征结果
Table 1. XPS characteristics of CuMn2O4, CuMn2O4/rGO and CuMn2O4/g-C3N4
% 催化剂 Cu元素 Mn元素 O元素 Cu+/Cu Cu2+/Cu Mn2+/Mn Mn3+/Mn Mn4+/Mn OV/O OOH/O Olatt/O CuMn2O4 87.11 12.89 42.6 50 7.4 13.6 61.4 25 CuMn2O4/g-C3N4 29.08 70.92 28.8 36.9 34.3 50.8 47.4 1.8 CuMn2O4/rGO 46.24 53.76 23.1 42.6 34.3 47.7 48.2 4.1 -
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