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正渗透(FO)作为膜分离技术的一种,无需外加压力,水分子便能自发的从高水化学势区(原料液侧)通过选择性半透膜向低水化学势区(汲取液侧)传递,而溶质分子和离子被截留在原溶液中[1]。相对于反渗透(RO)、纳滤(NF)、超滤(UF)等其他膜分离技术,正渗透技术具有能耗较低、不易发生膜污染、对污染物截留能力强等特点[2-3],在工业、能源、医药、食品等领域引起了广泛关注,对解决我国水资源短缺问题,提高水质安全保障,具有十分重要的意义。
膜材料是正渗透系统的关键组成部分,在整个分离过程中起着决定性作用。聚酰胺(PA)复合膜(TFC)因具有高机械性、较高的选择性、抗热老化与化学稳定性等优点,近年来成为正渗透膜研究和应用的重点[4-5]。TFC膜是由水相(间苯二胺,MPD)的含胺基官能团与油相(均苯三酰氯,TMC)的含酰氯基团在多孔支撑层表面聚合而成的一种具有非对称特殊结构的正渗透膜[6]。但由于聚酰胺表面层的致密性,在应用中存在水通量低的问题[7]。目前多数的研究旨在提高TFC膜的水通量,然而在提高水通量的同时,也增加了反向盐通量或促进了汲取液中其它溶质渗透至原料液中,难以实现通量与反向盐通量之间的平衡[8]。同时,膜污染是正渗透技术在水处理应用中的另一主要瓶颈,主要包括无机污染、有机污染、生物污染。其中,生物污染主要是由于微生物附着、沉积,以及胞外聚合物(EPS)的分泌,最终在膜表面形成生物膜的过程[9]。生物污染形成过程中产生的EPS黏性基质难以通过传统的物理化学方法清洗,能够造成严重的不可逆污染;同时,生物污染是微生物的动态生长和代谢过程,即使预处理杀灭和消除了99.9%的细菌,残留的少量活性细菌细胞仍能再生形成生物膜,因此较其他污染(无机污染或有机污染)更加难以控制和清除[10-11]。生物污染在膜表面或膜孔内积累,导致跨膜压升高、水通量下降、化学清洗频率增大,从而缩短了膜的使用寿命,增大了运行成本。因此,制备高性能TFC膜,优化水盐渗透的平衡并有效控制生物污染,对于膜技术的发展及应用具有重要意义。
为解决上述问题,在膜表面引入亲水性及抑菌性材料制备改性膜成为近年研究的重要解决方案之一,亲水性及抑菌性材料可以增加水的渗透性、减少盐离子在膜表面的富集从而降低反向盐通量,并抑制微生物活性以控制生物污染[12-13]。纳米材料通常具有较小的尺寸,较大的比表面积,较强的表面与界面效应。另外,部分纳米材料具有较强的抗菌性,使其在信息产业、环境产业、能源环保、生物医药等领域发挥着巨大作用[14-15]。纳米氧化锌(ZnO-NPs)作为常见的纳米材料之一,具有无毒、稳定性好,较强的抗微生物污染性能,在与细菌接触时可破坏细菌细胞膜,阻碍细菌新陈代谢酶的合成,从而使细菌丧失生物活性[16-17]。ZnO-NPs在水和其他亲水性溶剂中易形成巨大的分散体,使其极性表面呈高度亲水状态[18-19]。与大多数纳米材料相比,ZnO-NPs来源广泛,廉价易得,在膜材料制备过程中,将ZnO-NPs作为添加剂,可增加膜的表面体积比、提高亲水性、抑制大孔腔结构的形成,进而增大孔隙率、缓解浓差极化等,使膜水通量明显增大,并且赋予膜抗菌功能,控制生物污染[20]。然而,在实际应用中纳米ZnO-NPs易发生颗粒团聚,造成膜合成过程中分布不均匀,成为其发挥作用的重要障碍[21]。另外,纳米氧化锌的光催化剂带隙较宽,只能在波长较短的紫外区(375 nm左右)被激发[22]。因此,在不符合激发波长或者光照条件不充分的条件下,会使ZnO-NPs的抑菌作用受到限制或无法发挥,不能实现抗生物污染的目的。纳米银(Ag-NPs)对微生物有强烈的抑制和杀灭作用,通过与微生物细胞接触,破坏细胞结构,达到杀菌作用,且不会产生耐药性[23]。但其价格昂贵,在以往的研究及应用中,通常作为掺杂金属,制备复合抗菌材料,用于提高改性材料的抑菌性。有研究[24]表明,将Ag-NPs与ZnO-NPs掺杂制备抑菌材料,不仅克服了Ag系抗菌剂易氧化变黑的缺点,而且Ag-NPs充当表面改性剂可以抑制ZnO-NPs抗菌过程中的电子与空穴的复合,使两者之间呈现协同抗菌效果从而实现更高的抑菌性能。因此,将ZnO-NPs与Ag-NPs相结合探索性应用于TFC-FO膜制备中,对于提高膜性能及抗菌作用具有潜在的效果与研究意义。
因此,针对目前存在的水通量与反向盐通量之间的不平衡问题,以及生物污染问题,本研究利用ZnO-NPs和Ag-NPs的亲水性、抗菌性等特点,将ZnO-NPs与Ag-NPs通过多巴胺多为中间载体负载至TFC膜表面,以提高膜的综合性能和抑菌性能。同时,对氧化锌进行分散性优化处理,提高其在膜上负载过程中的分散性。将纳米ZnO@Ag改性的聚酰胺复合膜进行了电镜分析、红外表征、亲水性和电位测定及水通量、反向盐通量测试,以揭示纳米ZnO-NPs与ZnO@Ag对正渗透膜的结构和性能的影响。同时,采用平板测定法进行改性膜的抗菌性能测试,探究了ZnO-NPs及Ag-NPs纳米材料抑菌性的影响。
基于纳米氧化锌/银改性的聚酰胺复合膜的制备及其协同抗菌性能
Preparation and synergistic antibacterial properties of thin-film composite membrane modified by nano-zinc oxide/silver particles
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摘要: 利用纳米氧化锌(ZnO-NPs)及银(Ag-NPs)共同改性聚酰胺复合(TFC)正渗透膜,通过优化传统TFC膜的水通量与反向盐通量之间的平衡,以显著提高膜的抗菌性能。首先对ZnO-NPs进行改性以提高其分散性,利用多巴胺(PDA)为中间载体,将纳米ZnO-NPs和Ag-NPs负载至TFC膜表面,考察了PDA的自聚合时间、ZnO-NPs添加量对膜性能的影响。结果表明,ZnO-NPs在最佳添加量条件下(0.75 g·L−1),膜的Js/Jw由初始状态的0.96降至0.25,优化了TFC膜的通量与反向盐通量的平衡关系。以大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为代表的膜抑菌性能测试结果表明,Ag-NPs与ZnO-NPs在膜表面的协同抗菌作用,使ZnO@Ag/TFC膜对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌率分别高达84%和91%,显著提高了TFC膜的抗菌效果。以上研究结果对水处理技术发展具有重要意义。Abstract: In this study, the nano-particles(NPs)of zinc oxide(ZnO)and silver(Ag)were used to modify the polyamide thin-film composite(TFC)forward osmosis membrane for optimizing the balance between water flux and reverse salt flux, and improving the antibacterial property. Firstly, ZnO-NPs were modified to improve their dispersibility, the nanohybrid membranes were fabricated using dopamine(PDA)as the cross-linking material. The effects of PDA self-polymerization time and the ZnO-NPs dosage on the membrane performances were investigated. The results showed that the ratio of the reverse salt flux to the water flux(Js/Jw) decreased from 0.96 to 0.25 at the optimal ZnO-NPs dosage of 0.75 g·L−1, and the balance between water flux and reverse salt flux was optimized. The results of antibacterial performance represented by Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) showed that based on the synergistic antibacterial effect of Ag and ZnO-NPs on the membrane surface, the antibacterial rates of ZnO@Ag/TFC membrane against E. coli and S. aureus increased to 84% and 91%, respectively, which significantly promoted the antibacterial effect of TFC membrane. This research has great significance in the development of membrane material usage in water treatment process.
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Key words:
- zinc oxide /
- silver /
- antibacterial /
- forward osmosis
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表 1 膜表面原子占比
Table 1. Proportion of atoms on the membrane surface
% 膜类型 C N O S Zn Ag TFC膜 66.04 10.86 22.78 0.31 — — ZnO/TFC膜 49.27 5.79 28.89 3 13.04 — ZnO@Ag/TFC膜 49.79 9.08 23.83 1.43 10.36 5.34 -
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