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在2000—2016年,中国沿海地区共发生1194起有害藻华,平均每年约70起[1]。有害藻类水华的频发不仅恶化了水生生态环境[2-4],而且影响人类健康[5]。当水中藻类数量达到109细胞·L−1时,可在水体表面明显观察到绿色的蓝藻漂浮带,水华暴发[6]。针对于有害藻类水华的治理,混凝沉淀、吸附等传统物理化学技术可作为快速治理手段,但由于其药剂投加量大且处理时间长,不利于藻类的快速清洁处理[7],而生态修复法可以改变生态系统中优势藻类及其相关种群之间的生态关系,控制藻类生长,但由此导致的负面生态影响和长期生态风险很难评估[8]。
气浮法因其治理速度快、分离并收集藻类容易、施工简单且成本低等优点被应用于水华治理[9-10]。传统的混凝-气浮法是先混凝再通入气泡分离污染物,该过程高度依赖混凝作用,耗药量大且异位处理[11]。传统气浮过程使用的气泡气含率小(0.56%)、气泡密度小、去除效果不稳定,因而对藻的捕获能力有限[12-13]。有研究人员[14]利用表面活性剂对气泡表面进行功能化修饰,通过改变气泡的表面电荷,加强气泡与细胞或颗粒间的静电作用。单独使用表面活性剂时,去除效果不佳,但气泡附着良好;单独使用聚合物时,由于聚合物的桥接,细胞得到有效去除,但聚合物不能很好地附着在气泡表面[15]。基于此,YAP等[15]以表面活性剂和聚合物的混合溶液为气泡发生液,在溶气法中产生气泡,用于分离铜绿微囊藻,结果表明,聚合物的桥接能力和表面活性剂的疏水性可以结合,从而提高了蓝藻的去除率。SHI等[16]在溶气法中使用壳聚糖作为表面修饰剂,将其与阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)进行混合并制备气泡,用以去除天然有机物。对气泡表面进行功能化修饰是对混凝气浮工艺的改进,可以将其发展成为一类原位高效水华治理技术。然而,在常用的溶气法处理蓝藻水华的研究中,尚未见针对表面功能化气泡的性质及其治理中度水华并抑制藻再生的报道。
本研究以蓝藻水华中常见的铜绿微囊藻为目标污染物,以环境友好型且起泡性良好的十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱(BS-12)为起泡剂[17],其主要由1个末端带羧基的阴离子官能团、1个带季铵盐-N的阳离子官能团和1个有15个碳的烷烃链构成,并以普遍使用的高效混凝剂聚合氯化铝(PACl)为气泡表面的修饰剂。BS-12和PACl的混合溶液经过高压溶气后,产生PACl修饰的表面带正电的混凝型胶质气泡(coagulative colloidal gas aphrons, CCGAs)。本研究分析了气泡的粒径、半衰期、气含率等特征,且考察了其对铜绿微囊藻的去除率和再生长抑制情况,探讨了其去除铜绿微囊藻细胞的可能机理。
基于溶气法制备的混凝型胶质气泡用于高效去除水体中蓝藻并抑制其再生的效果
Efficient elimination and re-growth inhibition of harmful bloom-forming cyanobacteria using coagulative colloidal gas aphrons prepared by pressure dissolved air
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摘要: 为有效治理蓝藻水华,采用溶气法制备了混凝型胶质气泡,高效去除蓝藻并抑制其再生。实验在0.4 MPa压力下溶空气于表面活性剂(十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱,BS-12)和无机高分子混凝剂(聚合氯化铝,PACl)的混合溶液,产生混凝型胶质气泡,并考察了该气泡在不同初始细胞密度下对蓝藻细胞的去除及对其再生的抑制效果。结果表明,与相同方法下制得的普通气泡相比,混凝型胶质气泡粒径减小了82%,气含率提高了7.9倍。在3种不同的初始细胞密度(OD680=0.05、0.26、0.76)下,投加适量的BS-12和PACl,在5 min内85.0%~93.8%的藻细胞被去除,10 d内未见铜绿微囊藻再生长。与常规混凝-气浮工艺相比,混凝型胶质气泡具有快速高效除藻、再生抑制效果好、结构简单等优点,可为水华修复提供技术参考。Abstract: For the effective treatment of cyanobacteria-induced harmful algae blooms,the coagulative colloidal gas aphrons (CCGAs) were prepared by pressure dissolved air in this study to improve the removal of cells and inhibit their re-growth. CCGAs were generated from the dissolution of air in a mixed solution consisting of zwitterionic surfactant (dodecyl dimethyl betaine, BS-12) and inorganic polymeric coagulant (polyaluminium chloride, PACl) at the pressure of 0.4 MPa. The effectiveness of cell elimination and re-growth inhibition was investigated at different initial cell densities. The results showed that, compared with the properties of the regular bubble created by air dissolution, the size of CCGAs decreased by 82% and the gas content increased by 7.9 times. For the algal suspension with three different initial cell densities (OD680=0.05, 0.26 and 0.76), about 85.0%~93.8% of cells were removed within 5 min at the optimum dosages of BS-12 and PACl; and the re-growth of Microcystis aeruginosa did not occur within 10 days after treatment. Compared to traditional coagulation-flotation, the flotation with CCGAs had higher removal efficiency, more effective re-growth inhibition, rapider separation and more simplified construction. The present work can be a robust remediation technology for harmful algae-laden water bodies.
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表 1 铜绿微囊藻悬液的基本性质
Table 1. Properties of M. aeruginosa suspensions at different initial cell densities
OD680 细胞密度/(细胞·mL−1) Chl-a/(mg·L−1) Zeta/mV pH 0.05 6.8×105 0.108 −44.4 8.4 0.26 3.9×106 0.340 −45.3 9.2 0.76 9.9×106 0.681 −50.8 10.4 表 2 混凝型胶质气泡与其他除藻技术的比较
Table 2. Comparison of PACl-modified CGAs and other algae removal techniques
初始密度 处理方法 投加试剂 去除率/% 藻再生 来源 OD680 细胞密度/(细胞·mL-1) OD680 再生情况 — 7.50×105 混凝-气浮 硫酸铝 95 — — [15] 1.09 — 混凝-沉淀 PACl 100 — — [20] 2.06 — 混凝-沉淀 PACl 100 — — [20] 2.79 — 混凝-沉淀 PACl 100 — — [20] — 1×106 混凝-沉淀 PACl 94.3 — — [35] 0.05 6.70×105 CCGAs气浮 BS-12+PACl 93.5 0.05 可再生 本研究 0.26 3.82×106 CCGAs气浮 BS-12+PACl 98.5 0.26 不可再生 本研究 0.76 9.88×106 CCGAs气浮 BS-12+PACl 93.1 0.76 不可再生 本研究 -
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