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数个世纪以来,人类对自然资源进行了大规模的利用和改造,随之也带来了严峻的资源和生态环境问题[1]。我国环境容量有限,生态系统脆弱,人类生产生活产生的大量废水排放已成为水体污染和水生态退化的关键成因[2]。另一方面,在气候变化背景下,以污染物降解为单一目标的废水处理模式面临极大挑战,主要体现在废水过度处理产生的高能耗、大量外加药剂及温室气体排放与可持续发展之间的突出矛盾[3-4]。实际上,废水中蕴含了有机碳、氮和磷等宝贵资源,对其加以有效转化,可创造具有广泛市场用途和新价值的资源产品。因此,如何实现废水处理从高消耗、高成本转变为可再生资源的深度回收与增值利用,是水污染控制领域亟待解决的核心课题,也是联合国面向2030年可持续发展目标的重要内容[5]。近年来,生物电化学、新型膜材料及合成生物学等科学技术的快速进步,为实现废水资源增值产品化提供了新的思路[6]。
本文聚焦废弃资源回收利用的科技前沿,以废水中可利用物质的增值再生与产品转化为目标,以单细胞蛋白、聚羟基烷酸、细菌纤维素、鸟粪石和蓝铁矿等在商业市场中具有广阔前景的高附加值产品作为切入点,分析和总结废水资源化技术的国际发展趋势,以及这些技术面临的瓶颈和挑战,从而为水污染控制领域重构能满足我国乃至全球经济社会发展新需要的下一代废水处理与资源循环技术体系指明方向。
基于高附加值产品的废水资源化技术发展趋势与应用展望
Trends, perspective and prospects on valorization of pollutants from wastewater into marketable products
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摘要: 废水中含有机碳、氮和磷元素等宝贵资源。如何实现废水处理从高消耗、高成本转变为可再生资源的深度回收与增值利用,不仅是水污染控制领域亟待解决的关键核心问题,也是缓解人口快速增长及生活水平提高对传统自然资源带来巨大需求的主要思路。在文献调研和前期研究的基础上,以单细胞蛋白、聚羟基烷酸、细菌纤维素、鸟粪石和蓝铁矿等高附加值产品为例,分析总结既有与新兴废水资源化技术的国际发展趋势,探讨这些技术面临的瓶颈和挑战,以期为水污染控制领域重构经济社会发展新需要的下一代废水处理与资源产品技术体系提供参考。Abstract: Wastewater now has been recognized as a valuable resource from which organic matters, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other constituents can be harvested to produce valuable and marketable products. In this study, wastewater treatment in most world countries and regions is experiencing a paradigm shift from a resource-and capital-intensive pollutant removal scenario to a circular economy, and thereby reducing significant pressures on natural resources attributed from increasing populations and human activities. Based on literature review and preliminary explorations, this review article therefore aims to analyze and summarize the trends, perspectives and prospects on valorization of pollutants from wastewater into marketable products, primarily single cell protein, polyhydroxyalkanoate, bacterial cellulose, struvite and vivianite, with the goal of providing implications beneficial for future efforts on development and innovation of concepts, theories and approaches to enable resource recovery and valorization from wastewater and thereby mitigating ever-growing demands on traditional natural resources. The bottle necks and challenges faced by these technologies were discussed. This will provide reference for the next generation technology system of wastewater treatment and resource products which can meet the new requirements of the rebuilt social enconmy development in water pollution control field.
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Key words:
- wastewater /
- valorization /
- single cell protein /
- polyhydroxyalkanoate /
- bacterial cellulose /
- struvite /
- vivianite
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