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硝酸盐污染正在成为全球性的环境问题,水体中过量的硝酸盐可导致水体富营养化,对水生生态系统和人类健康造成威胁[1 − 2]. 生物反硝化法处理硝酸盐污水以其经济性好、处理效率高等优点,已成为水处理中采用的主流方法[3]. 生物反硝化是通过反硝化微生物进行的. 自然界中最常见的反硝化菌是以有机碳为碳源的异养反硝化菌[4]. 异养反硝化菌利用硝酸盐作为电子受体,有机碳作为电子供体和能源来维持生长,并将硝态氮最终转化为氮气从而完成反硝化脱氮.
在异养反硝化中,有机碳是不可或缺的关键要素. 当水体碳氮比(C/N)较低时,外加碳源的作用就变得尤为重要[5]. 可溶性的甲醇、乙醇、葡萄糖、乙酸钠等物质通常作为外加碳源,但由于其快速溶解而随出水流出生物处理系统,易造成二次污染,需要复杂的连续监测和过程控制系统而导致运行成本高昂[6]. 天然植物类有机碳源(木屑、稻壳、秸秆、玉米芯、花生壳等)虽然价格低廉、材料易得,但存在释碳不稳定、出水色度偏高、含有大量难以被微生物降解成分、易造成系统堵塞等弊端,限制了其广泛使用[7 − 8].
可生物降解聚合物(biodegradable polymers, BDPs)作为固相反硝化缓释碳源的同时,可充当生物膜载体,这种新型材料近年来逐渐在利用生物膜进行反硝化研究中受到重视. BDPs通过微生物分泌的胞外酶被降解,转化成可溶性小分子有机物,这些小分子有机物能为异养反硝化菌提供能源和反硝化必需的电子[9]. BDPs只在微生物作用下分解,这一特性能够避免或减轻上述可溶性碳源投加不足或过量导致的水质问题[10]. BDPs长期释碳速率稳定、易于挂膜、维护简单,与天然植物类碳源相比,能获得更高的反硝化速率[11 − 12],利用BDPs处理低C/N污水已成为研究热点. 已有文章综述了不同类型碳源的作用机制[13]及其在不同目标水体中的应用[3,7]. 目前尚缺乏针对BDPs反硝化碳源的系统性综述.
本文从BDPs缓释碳源类型、反硝化性能、影响因素、脱氮机制、微生物群落、脱氮成本评价以及共存污染物去除等多方面展开综述和讨论,并对未来研究方向提出展望,以期为BDPs反硝化技术研究和应用提供参考和依据.
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BDPs是一类人工合成的高分子材料,具有较好的生物相容性、生物降解性以及无生物毒性等许多优良特性[14 − 15]. 目前,作为反硝化碳源研究较多的主要有PHBV(poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate),聚羟基丁酸戊酸酯)[9,16]、PCL(polycaprolactone,聚己内酯)[17 − 18]、PBS(poly(butylene succinate),聚丁二酸丁二醇酯)[19]、PLA(polylactic acid,聚乳酸)[20]、PHB(polyhydroxybutyrate,聚羟基丁酸酯)[21]以及混合碳源[22]等.
已报道的部分BDPs及混合碳源体系的NO3−-N去除速率与可溶性有机碳(DOC)、总有机碳 (TOC)总结见表1. BDPs的反硝化性能与其物理、化学特性息息相关. 一般来说,同一碳源,分子量越低越易于水解,反硝化性能越好;含有C—O或C=O等亲水基团更多的碳源更容易被微生物降解利用;碳源比表面积越大、表面越粗糙越易于生物膜附着生长. 2.1节详细介绍了BDPs理化性能对反硝化的影响. 总的来说,作为固相碳源,反硝化性能最优异的为PHBV,其次是PCL、PBS等. 近年来,将PHBV及其混合物如PHBV/PLA[30]、PHBV/零价铁/木屑[31]作为反硝化基质的研究逐渐增多,显示出PHBV应用于反硝化领域的巨大潜力. 吴为中等[32]采用PHBV为碳源和生物膜载体的反应器去除硝酸盐,水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)为2 h,总氮(TN)平均去除率达98.39%(进水NO3−-N约14.9 mg·L−1). Yi等[33]构建的PHBV反硝化系统,在HRT为0.5、1、2、5 h条件下,NO3−-N(约18 mg·L−1)去除率均高于96%. PHBV反硝化系统可以高效去除高浓度硝酸盐,在HRT为7.25 h时,NO3−-N(100 mg·L−1)去除率达到99%,同时不积累NO2−-N和NH4+-N[34]. PHBV用于反硝化时水处理系统启动时间短. Yi等[33]以PHBV为碳源,NO3−-N浓度从第1 天开始急剧下降,第5 天便降到1.0 mg·L−1以下. 其他研究亦表明,PHBV反硝化启动时间快于PCL和PLA(PHBV 11 d、PCL 20 d、PLA 40 d)[35 − 36]. PHBV是一种由微生物合成的聚酯,具有较好的生物降解性和生物相容性,所以能够较快地被微生物降解释放出有机碳供异养反硝化菌利用,从而快速启动反硝化作用[15].
DOC是评估固相反硝化体系有机碳释放性能的重要指标. 反硝化系统中,碳源不足时反硝化受到抑制,也会因反硝化不彻底而导致NO2−-N积累[33,37]. NO2−-N的毒性大于NO3−-N,会进一步抑制反硝化菌的生长从而影响反硝化速率[38]. 另一方面,当碳源降解速率超过利用速率时,会造成DOC积累[11,35]. 多余的DOC如果不经处理随废水排放易污染环境,同时也浪费碳源、增加处理成本. 理想的碳源应以适当的速率释放DOC,在保证足以完全反硝化的同时,不产生过量的DOC[38 − 39]. 大部分BDPs在HRT为5 h左右及5 h以下时出水DOC在10—100 mg·L−1(表1),混合碳源PHBV/PLA[12,27]、PBS/竹粉[29]稳定期的出水DOC可以达到15 mg·L−1以下,PHBV/木屑系统出水DOC和NH4+-N(DOC(9.00±4.16) mg·L−1、NH4+-N (0.37±0.32) mg·L−1)都远低于单一PHBV系统(DOC (33.70±20.79) mg·L−1、NH4+-N(1.14±0.37) mg·L−1)[11],显示出了混合碳源控制碳释放方面的优势. BDPs的碳释放还与水质条件有关. 例如使用PBS做碳源,处理合成废水与真实的养殖废水进行对比,真实养殖废水出水DOC的增加量(出水DOC与进水DOC的差值)明显超过合成废水,说明复杂的进水成分能刺激微生物的降解活性[19]. 盐度的存在也会使微生物的生物降解更活跃进而增加出水的DOC[19]. 此外,对碳源材料进行预处理或改性可以改善释碳性能. 李加伟[40]将PBS/竹粉在-10℃条件下冷冻处理1 d后研究释碳规律,发现经过冷冻处理后的释碳速率远低于未经处理的对照组.
Luo等[41]发现,尽管PCL反硝化系统的硝酸盐去除率接近100%,但会释放大量的DOC,也就是说在反硝化结束时,碳释放仍在进行. 因此,他们认为PCL系统反硝化和碳释放在一定程度上是两个相互独立的过程. 与此结果有所不同,Luo等[42]研究表明,在不同的进水硝酸盐浓度条件下,PCL系统反硝化速率与DOC释放速率呈显著的正相关,并将这一特性称之为“自适应”(Self-adaptation). 而该系统之所以具有“自适应”特性,可能是因为优势菌Acidovorax_sp同时具有反硝化和PCL降解功能,可以根据一定范围内硝酸盐负荷的变化,动态调整PCL的碳释放速率,以使得碳源的供应能够满足反硝化过程的实际需求. 这个研究结果为通过优化微生物群落结构和功能来平衡DOC释放速率与硝酸盐去除速率的关系提供了崭新的思路.
由于单独使用BDPs成本较高,将BDPs与其他低价BDPs或廉价的天然材料混合,制备低成本碳源材料成为研究者们关注的焦点. Xiong等[43]以PCL和花生壳为碳源,聚乙烯醇和海藻酸钠为骨架制备的混合碳源PPP,当投加量为40 g时,NO3−-N去除率达99.92%. Chu和Wang等[44]分别用PHBV、PHBV/淀粉和PHBV/竹粉等3种材料在填充床反应器中进行反硝化用于去除地下水中的硝酸盐. 在自然挂膜条件下,两个混合碳源反应器30—40 d完成启动(NO3−-N去除率60%以上),而单一PHBV反应器则需要3个月以上才能达到相同水平,且PHBV混合碳源比单一PHBV具有更好的硝酸盐去除性能. 这是因为启动初期混合碳源系统DOC显著高于单一PHBV系统,高的DOC有利于生物膜的形成和生长. 将BDPs与其他物质混合使用不仅可降低成本,还可以同时或分段处理多种污染物. Sun等[10]用20%PHBV、20%PLA、30%木屑、30%零价铁高温混合制成的复合材料,实现了同时去除92.6%的NO3−-N和99%的总磷(TP)的效果. Yi等[33]发现PHBV与活性炭串联使用可以去除95%的NO3−-N和80%的药品和个人护理品(PPCPs). 由于水体中硝酸盐经常与农药、重金属、含氯化合物等污染物共存,同时去除硝酸盐和这些污染物不仅减少了处理设施,而且节约成本[38].
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BDPs反硝化的影响因素不同于可溶性碳源. 可溶性碳源的投加量是可控的,C/N是主要的影响因素. 而BDPs固相反硝化最重要的影响因素是HRT. 在其他因素一定的条件下,可以通过调整HRT来提高反硝化效率. 讨论了BDPs理化性能、温度、溶解氧、HRT、pH等对反硝化性能的影响,最佳的运行条件可使系统脱氮效率达到最高.
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BDPs的可生物降解性(释碳能力)是影响氮还原速率和反硝化效果的关键因素[45 − 46]. BDPs可被真菌、细菌和藻类产生的酶分解. 首先,BDPs被降解为低分子量的低聚体、二聚体和单体. 接着,降解产物被微生物作为碳源转化为能量、生物量和各种代谢产物,最终被矿化为二氧化碳、水等,从而实现有效的生物地球化学碳循环[13] (图1). 不同化学组成的BDPs可生物降解性不尽相同[7,30]. 有报道称,PHBV比其他BDPs具有更高的可生物降解性[5]. PHBV降解可产生乙酸、丁酸等酸性物质,而乙酸是小分子化合物中微生物最容易利用的水解产物[13,26],这也可能是PHBV系统具有较高反硝化性能的原因之一. 另有研究发现PHB和PHBV的可生物降解性较高,其次为PCL,最后为PLA[47]. PLA的可生物降解性远低于PBS和PCL,原因可能是PLA中烷基的含量过低[20].
BDPs作为反硝化碳源时,为了获得足够的有机物进行代谢和生理活动,微生物倾向于附着在碳源的表面[11]. 因此,表面特性如比表面积、粗糙度、孔隙率、亲水性/疏水性等都关系到BDPs作为生物膜载体的优劣[35,48 − 49]. 易成豪等[35]发现PHBV相较于PCL具有更加稳定持续的反硝化性能,因为PHBV表面粗糙且有大量孔洞,生物膜中富集多种异养反硝化菌. 相比之下,PCL表面较光滑且无孔隙,易造成附着生物量低且生物膜不牢固,在水流冲刷下脱落的现象[50]. 随着降解微生物的利用,碳源表面粗糙度增加,孔隙变大,分子量变低,化学结构发生变化等,会对BDPs碳源产生各种影响. Zhang等[48]研究了分子量分别为60000、80000和140000的PCL反硝化性能,发现PCL的可生物降解性和反硝化速率随着分子量的增加而降低. 然而,当降低HRT,水流剪切力增加时,分子量最大表面最粗糙的圆柱形PCL-4反而表现出最高的反硝化速率. 结果表明,载体形状和表面粗糙度(物理特性)在反硝化过程中可能起着比分子量(化学特性)更重要的作用. 粗糙的表面不仅增加了微生物的附着面积,还在高水流剪切力条件下为生物膜提供了庇护所,使其不易脱落[48]. 因此,BDPs载体表面粗糙和高孔隙率是增强微生物附着性的必要条件.
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BDPs反硝化效能不仅与其理化性能有关,还受到运行条件等因素的影响.
温度能够显著影响BDPs碳源的释放率、微生物活性和代谢,从而影响污染物的去除率[51]. 在一定温度范围内,NO3−-N的去除率随温度上升而提高[52]. 淀粉/PCL混合碳源15 ℃时NO3−-N去除率只有33.1%,远远低于30 ℃时的88.0%[6]. PHBV/PLA/稻壳混合碳源[49]随着温度从15 ℃增加到35 ℃,7 h内硝酸盐去除率从53.3%快速提高到100%. 低温抑制了酶和功能微生物的活性[4], 温度的提高促进了水解菌和反硝化菌的活性,加速了BDPs的降解和反硝化过程,从而提高了硝酸盐的去除率. 较高温度能促进碳源释放有利于微生物生长[52],但也会导致总有机碳(TOC)的积累[15]. 过高的温度反而会抑制反硝化菌的活性,从而导致反硝化效率迅速下降[38].
溶解氧(DO)是BDPs反硝化过程的另一个重要的环境因子. 反硝化菌在缺氧条件下利用NO3−-N作为电子受体[53]. DO可能会抑制反硝化过程,因为DO是比NO3−-N活性更高的电子受体[12],DO与NO3−-N同时存在时,DO更容易被利用,从而阻碍了反硝化反应. 另外,DO会降低亚硝酸盐还原酶的活性,导致中间产物NO2−-N积累[41]. BDPs作为碳源与生物膜载体不同于可溶性碳源,生物膜阻碍DO扩散从而在生物膜内部形成缺氧区,这种缺氧区加上BDPs的碳供应促进了反硝化作用,从而减少了DO对BDPs反硝化的负面影响[41]. Gutierrez-Wing等[54]评估了循环水养殖系统中DO对PHB为碳源的反硝化性能的影响,发现NO3−-N去除速率随DO浓度的增加而降低,当DO达到4—5 mg·L−1时,反硝化最终停止. 与PHB不同,Luo等[41]发现,PCL作为碳源可有效地减少DO对反硝化过程的抑制. 与缺氧条件相比,PCL在有氧时DOC释放量更高. 低氧(3.83±0.22) mg·L−1、中氧(6.12±0.50) mg·L−1条件下NO3−-N去除率高于缺氧(0.44±0.01) mg·L−1、高氧(10.45±0.65) mg·L−1条件. Luo等[55]的研究表明,DO可以促进PBS的生物降解以及好氧反硝化菌的富集,从而使得曝气组脱氮率高于低氧组和缺氧组. 关于DO对BDPs体系反硝化作用影响的解释,大多研究倾向归因于BDPs材料间形成的厌氧微环境、生物膜生成的厌氧微环境促进了反硝化发生. 实际上,好氧反硝化作用已被发现并进行了广泛的研究[56],但关于BDPs反硝化体系中好氧反硝化的作用我们还知之甚少.
硝酸盐负荷对BDPs反硝化的影响通过水力停留时间(HRT)和进水硝酸盐浓度两个条件来进行研究. HRT影响污水与生物膜接触时间以及水流对生物膜的冲击力,过高或过低的HRT均不利于反硝化过程. Zhang等[57]的研究显示,PCL系统HRT小于2.7 h时,NO3−-N去除效率随HRT的增加而提高,HRT为2.7 h时,NO3−-N去除效率达到最高93%,而HRT进一步增加对NO3−-N去除效率影响不大. 降低HRT导致硝酸盐负荷增加以及水体与生物膜接触时间变短都可能导致脱氮效率下降[48]. Jiang等[58]测定了PCL在不同NO3−-N浓度条件下,完全去除NO3−-N(出水TN<5 mg·L−1)所需的HRT. 进水NO3−-N浓度为15、25、35、45、55 mg·L−1时,PCL反应器完全去除NO3−-N(平均出水TN (2.06±1.14) mg·L−1)的HRT分别为42、64、87、129、202 min,HRT与进水NO3−-N浓度呈线性关系. Xia等[49]发现,降低HRT出水DOC浓度会下降. 这可能是由于降低HRT导致的高硝酸盐负荷会消耗更多的DOC,同时,在较短的HRT条件下较高的水负荷也可能稀释了DOC. 一般来说,较长的HRT为反硝化提供了足够的时间从而会提高反硝化性能,但同时也降低了污水处理效率. 另一方面,较短的HRT可能会因为反应不充分而导致NO2−-N的积累[59]. 适宜的HRT应兼顾反硝化效果和污水处理效率. 有研究者[3]认为BDPs碳源释碳性能优异,很多情况下2 h的HRT足以完全去除NO3−-N. Luo等[42]对比了HRT和进水硝酸盐浓度两个条件下PCL系统的脱氮性能. 结果显示,反硝化速率与HRT引起的硝酸盐负荷呈正相关,而进水硝酸盐浓度变化对反硝化性能影响不大,系统依旧保持较高的反硝化效率. 结果表明,PCL系统对不断变化的进水硝酸盐浓度具有较强的耐受性,而HRT对硝酸盐去除效率的影响要大于进水硝酸盐浓度.
除以上因素外,还有很多条件影响BDPs反硝化系统的性能. 相较于水溶性碳源,BDPs反硝化系统中pH的变化和影响更为复杂. 例如,PHBV在反硝化过程中会生物降解生成有机酸等酸性物质,从而中和反硝化产生的碱度[49]. 以PHBV/PLA为反硝化碳源,酸性条件下,硝酸盐去除效率明显降低. 进水pH为5.68时,硝酸盐去除效率只有中性或碱性条件下的34%,而进水pH为9.57—10.38强碱性时,不影响硝酸盐去除效率[60]. 另外,盐度可以提高PBS反硝化系统硝酸盐去除效率和稳定性[61].
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BDPs反硝化体系本质上是功能微生物在发挥作用. 反硝化系统中微生物群落与所使用的碳源类型密切相关[40]. 以BDPs为碳源和生物膜载体,门水平微生物主要为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、绿菌门(Chlorobi)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)[29,62 − 63]. 其中,变形菌门和拟杆菌门被广泛报道为反硝化菌的两个主要门. 变形菌门是生物反硝化系统中最重要的门,其包括多种好氧菌和厌氧菌,它们可以降解多种有机物,并参与多种代谢类型的反硝化作用[64]. 很多研究已经确定变形菌门是BDPs为碳源的固相反硝化系统中的优势门[17,35,61,65]. 变形菌门在PCL、PHBV生物膜中的相对丰度可达60%以上[17,35]. 考虑到变形菌门在除氮过程中的关键作用,Yang等[11]专门分析了PHBV、PHBV/稻壳、PHBV/木屑三个中试系统变形菌门亚群中β-变形菌亚门(Betaproteobacteria)、α-变形菌亚门(Alphaproteobacteria)、δ-变形菌亚门(Deltaproteobacteria) 、γ-变形菌亚门(Gammaproteobacteria)的丰度结构和功能. 在他们的研究中,β-变形菌亚门在所有样品中占优势,在PHBV系统中的相对丰度最高. 与PHBV系统相比,PHBV/稻壳、PHBV/木屑系统中,γ-变形菌亚门的相对丰度显著增加. 由此可见,不同碳源的微生物群落结构是有差异的. 拟杆菌门在高分子有机物的水解和发酵中发挥重要作用,其中Lentimicrobium属是以强大的反硝化能力而闻名[31]. 绿菌门、绿弯菌门可降解生物膜中凋亡细胞产生的有机物[62]. 厚壁菌门可以产生降解纤维素、蛋白质和脂质必不可少的胞外酶[66].
多个研究发现,BDPs表面生物膜中微生物群落多样性低于初始接种活性污泥[17,58,62],表明BDPs对附着微生物具有选择性. 由于碳源的选择压力,最适者实现了富集[58],这使得微生物功能更倾向于专门化[62]. 如PCL生物膜变形菌门丰度达到了83.98%,远远高于初始接种污泥的32.42%[58]. 易成豪等[35]的研究显示,PHBV对微生物的选择限制作用相比于PCL较弱,这也从微生物角度验证了此研究中PHBV比PCL具有更好的促进反硝化性能. 最近,网络分析不断被用于BDPs反硝化微生物群落相关性研究[29,31,61 − 63]. 有结果显示,变形菌门、拟杆菌门和绿弯菌门呈显著的正相关关系[62],这些微生物的共存可能是BDPs系统中微生物协同关系的典型反映. 另有研究[11,67]表明,BDPs混合碳源较单一BDPs微生物群落结构更复杂、功能微生物更丰富,有利于系统稳定性、抗逆性以及脱氮性能的提高.
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对于BDPs反硝化体系运行机制的研究,大多文献还是沿用传统反硝化机制的研究方法,从脱氮基因或脱氮酶系着手. 对于脱氮基因,研究较多的主要有amoA(编码氨单加氧酶)、napA/narG(编码硝酸盐还原酶)、nirS/nirK(编码亚硝酸盐还原酶)、nosZ(编码氧化亚氮还原酶),以及编码催化硝酸盐异化还原为铵(dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium,DNRA)的硝酸盐异化还原酶nrfA. 这些传统反硝化(硝化)相关的基因在BDPs体系中大多可以检测到[9,11,61,66,68]. 在脱氮基因研究方法的基础上,Yang等[39]还从碳源降解相关基因的角度,探讨了PHBV、PHBV/木屑作为固体碳源对糖酵解代谢途径的影响. 他们发现,编码甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH,EC 1.2.1.59)的基因丰度在PHBV/木屑系统显著高于PHBV系统,促使PHBV/木屑系统产生更多的电子供体从而具有更好的反硝化性能. 而编码葡萄糖激酶(GK,EC 2.7.1.2)的基因丰度在PHBV系统更高,这可能是PHBV系统出水DOC高于PHBV/木屑系统的原因. 还有研究证明了BDPs可调节反硝化功能酶的表达. Wu等[69]通过转录组学、蛋白组学、免疫印迹技术,从关键反硝化酶的角度对PHA影响施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri)脱氮的内部机制进行了研究. 结果显示,PHA促进硝酸盐还原酶NapB和NapA的表达量分别提高了10倍和20倍,加速了电子转移过程,从而使得NO3−-N去除率从32.8%(乙酸钠)增加到45.8%(PHA),证明了PHA可以促进反硝化脱氮. Jiang等[58]发现PCL反应器的反硝化性能不如乙酸钠的一个重要原因是PCL解聚酶不足,导致PCL降解速度慢,因而需要较长的时间产生电子来还原硝酸盐.
目前,关于BDPs用于反硝化碳源的研究多集中在反硝化性能、影响因素、微生物群落结构等方面,对于机制方面的研究尚缺乏广度和深度. 如BDPs如何参与微生物代谢、如何影响微生物生长、如何调节反硝化作用、BDPs反硝化功能基因(BDPs降解、反硝化)的表达条件、表达过程中各种基因的调控、与传统反硝化基因表达的异同点等问题尚不明晰. 阐明BDPs脱氮机制有助于研制适合不同处理水体的碳源材料、开发反硝化工艺. 今后可通过多组学技术如基因组学、转录组学、蛋白组学、代谢组学等进行联合研究.
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脱氮成本是工程应用需要考虑的重要问题. BDPs作为碳源具有较好的反硝化效果,但是相对较高的成本限制了此类材料在实际工程中的广泛应用. 不同碳源去除单位NO3−-N成本评价见表2. 处理1 kg NO3−-N,PHB的使用成本是其他BDPs的2—7倍[48]. 使用PHBV、PCL、PLA的成本是甲醇的5—13倍. 混合碳源较纯BDPs脱氮成本显著降低. Zhang等[3]对多个研究的数据进行统计分析发现,混合碳源较纯BDPs的NO3−-N去除效果没有显著差异,这意味着成本更低的混合碳源值得更进一步研究. 值得一提的是,水溶性碳源工艺除了原材料成本之外,还有生物膜载体(填料)成本、监测控制等设备成本. 由此综合来看,BDPs碳源还是具有一定的竞争力.
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基于BDPs为碳源的反硝化脱氮技术具有反硝化效率高、操作简单、环境友好等优点,在对水质量要求高的低C/N水处理中显示出很大的应用潜力,如污水处理厂废水、地下水、饮用水、循环养殖废水等. 在以往的研究中,多种BDPs被证明具有良好的反硝化性能,且对影响因素和微生物群落结构等方面进行了较多探索并取得了一定的研究成果. 但是,该领域仍然面临很大挑战,对未来研究和应用提出展望(图2).
(1)研发“质优价廉”的新型BDPs碳源材料应该是未来研究的重点. 质优:从反硝化效果来看,理想的BDPs碳源应具有合适的反硝化速率和有机碳释放速率. 在保证完全反硝化的同时出水中不应含有过多的有机碳. 价廉:从经济因素来看,BDPs碳源将继续在废弃物利用方向发展. 比如BDPs工业废弃物的再利用,或将BDPs与廉价的农业废弃物混合制成复合碳源. 现有研究结果表明,BDPs复合碳源具有“质优价廉”的潜在优势,应用前景较高,但目前相关研究还很有限. 今后应在优化配方、强化应用以及进一步推进中试以上规模研究等方面进行更加广泛深入的尝试与探索.
(2)阐明运行条件对BDPs反硝化的影响机制. BDPs体系的反硝化效率和中间产物(副产物)的产生很大程度上取决于系统的运行条件. 而生物体主要依靠体内生化反应的调节来适应环境. 因此,未来需要联合多学科、多组学进行深入研究.
(3)通过优化微生物群落结构和功能来构建高效BDPs反硝化系统是今后研究的重要课题. BDPs反硝化系统能够高效地脱氮,关键在于BDPs降解菌和反硝化菌有一个合适的比例. 以往的多数研究并未对接种活性污泥的功能和比例进行设计,这也可能是碳源不能完全利用或反硝化效果不理想的原因. 通过精准投加功能微生物来强化BDPs脱氮效能,这一方向值得深入探索.
(4)应重视同时去除硝酸盐及其共存污染物这一方面的研究. 各种污染物与硝酸盐在污水中普遍共存,BDPs反硝化系统具有去除这些共存污染物的巨大潜力.
可生物降解聚合物作为固相反硝化碳源的研究进展
Research progress in biodegradable polymers as the carbon sources of solid-phase denitrification process
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摘要: 碳源是生物反硝化法处理低碳氮比硝酸盐污水的必要物质. 传统的水溶性碳源投加量难以控制,易导致出水水质恶化,需要寻找一种释碳稳定、安全高效的替代碳源. 可生物降解聚合物(biodegradable polymers,BDPs)是一类人工合成的高分子有机物,已被证实可作为新型的反硝化缓释碳源. 其具有反硝化效率高、安全稳定、操作简单等优点,近年来被广泛报道. 归纳总结了BDPs碳源类型及其体系的反硝化性能和影响因素,讨论了BDPs体系脱氮机制及生物膜群落结构与功能,评价了BDPs反硝化脱氮的成本. 提出发展成本相对低廉的BDPs复合碳源、阐明运行条件对BDPs反硝化的影响机制、通过优化微生物群落来构建高效BDPs反硝化系统以及加强共存污染物去除等未来重点研究方向,以期为可生物降解聚合物的反硝化脱氮研究和应用提供参考和依据.Abstract: Carbon source is essential for biological denitrification of the nitrate wastewater with low carbon/nitrogen ratio. However, it is difficult to control the dosage of traditional water-soluble carbon source, and overdose will easily cause deterioration of effluent water quality. Thus, it is necessary to develop slow-release, safe, and efficient alternative carbon source. Synthetic biodegradable polymers (BDPs), a kind of high molecular organic compound, has been proven to be the potential carbon source meeting these demands. With the advantages of high denitrification efficiency, safety, stability, and simple operation, BDPs has been extensively studied as slow-release carbon source of denitrification. In this study, the carbon source types of BDPs, the denitrification performance and influencing factors of BDPs system were summarized. The denitrification mechanism of BDPs system, the structure and function of microbial community were discussed. The cost of BDPs for denitrification was evaluated. Several key directions for future research, such as developing low-cost composite BDPs carbon sources, elucidating the influence mechanism of operating conditions on BDPs denitrification, building efficient BDPs denitrification systems by optimizing microbial community, and enhancing the co-existing pollutants removal, were proposed to provide reference and basis for the research and application for denitrification using biodegradable polymers.
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Key words:
- biological nitrogen removal /
- sewage treatment /
- solid carbon source /
- mixed carbon sources /
- nitrate
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表 1 不同BDPs碳源类型及其在反硝化系统中反硝化性能
Table 1. Denitrification performance of different BDPs as carbon source in denitrification system
碳源类型
Carbon sources进水NO3−-N/
(mg·L−1)
Influent NO3−-NNO3−-N去除速率/(mg·L−1·h−1)
NO3−-N removal rate
可溶性有机碳DOC,总有机碳
TOC/(mg·L−1)
Dissolved organic carbon,
total organic carbon水力停留
时间/h
HRT文献
ReferencesPCL 81.1—132.75 11.25 进水与出水DOC差值:-2.8—63.43 5 [23] PCL 200 30.3 出水DOC:(26.12±3.12)—(53.06±5.93) 5.5 [24] PCL 60—80 7.92—23.33 出水比进水TOC增加1.7—5.2 3—6 [25] PHBV 15 32.08 出水DOC:39.75—82.42 0.5 [26] PHBV/PLA 10 9.58 稳定期出水DOC:9±3.4 2 [12] PHBV/PLA 15 13.95 稳定期出水DOC:10以下 1 [27] PHBV/木纤维素 15 14.02 稳定期出水DOC:60以下 1 [27] PBS 146 22.08±7.92(盐度0‰)
27.5±5(盐度25‰)出水DOC:(136.11±49.52)(盐度0‰),
(202.51±118.90)(盐度25‰)2 [19] PBS 100—150 26.67—5.83 未见明显的DOC积累 5 [28] PBS/竹粉 100 28.33—34.58 进水约80—115,出水约90—160 2 [22] PBS/竹粉 75 5.42±1.25(盐度0‰)
2.92±0.83(盐度25‰)两个盐度条件下出水DOC均低于15 4 [29] 表 2 不同碳源处理硝酸盐的成本评价
Table 2. Cost evaluation of different carbon sources for nitrate removal
碳源类型
Carbon sources碳源单价/(元·kg−1)
Carbon source unit-price碳源消耗/ (kg·kg−1 NO3−-N)
Carbon source consumption反硝化成本(元·kg−1 NO3−-N)
Denitrification cost/文献
ReferencesPHB — — 145.5—257.8 [48] PLA 28.8 1.5—1.9 43.2—54.7 [7] PHBV/PLA 21.3 1.4 29.8 [12] PHBV 31.9 1.5—1.7 47.9—54.2 [4] PHBV/淀粉 17.3 2.08—2.60 36.0—45.0 [4] PHBV/竹粉 16.6 1.69—1.86 28.1—30.9 [4] PBS/竹粉 15.2 1.3—1.5 19.8—22.8 [7] PCL 28.4—34.7 1.3—1.8 36.9—62.5 [70] PCL/淀粉 16.8 2.0—3.1 33.6—52.1 [7] 乙酸 9.6 3.5 33.6 [7] 乙醇 5.9 2.0—3.3 11.8—19.5 [12] 甲醇 2.3 2.0—3.2 4.6—7.4 [12] -
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