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砷(As)广泛分布于环境中,世界上许多国家的地下水受到砷的污染[1-2].地下水的砷污染已成为一个世界性的重大问题.流行病学研究表明,人类长期接触含砷化合物会导致皮肤损害、血管疾病、高血压和癌症等疾病[3-4].砷在环境中主要以无机砷和有机胂两种形态存在[5],无机砷主要有亚砷酸盐和砷酸盐,有机胂主要以一甲基胂酸盐、二甲基胂酸盐以及胂胆碱、胂甜菜碱、胂糖、胂脂类化合物等形态存在[6].在人类体内摄取和代谢过程中,有机态胂化合物与无机砷会产生含有二甲基胂酸尿代谢物[7].在一定条件下,水环境中的二甲基胂酸会转化为毒性较高的无机砷.因此,研究二甲基胂酸在地下水污染研究中具有相当重大的意义.
砷从土壤、地表水和沉积物中向地下水中释放或迁移的过程受诸多因素控制[8].腐殖酸(HA)是水体中广泛存在的天然有机物,腐殖酸可以通过络合、竞争吸附位点和电子穿梭等化学反应强烈的影响地下水中砷的迁移[9-10].腐殖酸抑制砷的吸附主要是通过腐殖酸和砷在铁氧化物表面的竞争吸附作用[11].As(Ⅴ)/As(Ⅲ)/二甲基胂酸与HA络合的影响因素有离子强度和pH等,As(Ⅴ)/As(Ⅲ)和二甲基胂酸与 HA 络合程度随着离子强度的增加而减少,离子强度对砷吸附的影响可能归因于腐殖酸分子表面化学性质的变化.在弱酸条件下,As(Ⅴ)和二甲基胂酸的去除率较高,随着pH增大,As(Ⅴ)和二甲基胂酸的去除率急剧下降,可能是由于 HA 与 As(Ⅴ)/二甲基胂酸竞争含铁矿物表面的吸附位点,因为随着 pH增加,As(Ⅴ)和二甲基胂酸带负电荷,这会导致 As(Ⅴ) 和二甲基胂酸与含铁矿物的静电斥力增加[12].在pH为中性时,As(Ⅲ)的去除率最高,低pH下As(Ⅲ)的去除率低,是因为在低pH条件下As(Ⅲ)主要以As(OH)3形式存在,其在低pH下与氧化物的相互作用最小,然而,随着pH值的升高,腐殖酸变得更易溶,在地下水中以腐殖酸盐或络合物的形式存在,这些腐殖酸盐中的离子可能在高pH下解离产生含水氧化物 (例如Fe,Al)吸附剂[13],使砷和腐殖酸的络合减弱.腐殖酸对无机砷酸中As(Ⅴ)和As(Ⅲ)的影响机制有所不同,腐殖酸中的亲核基团能与As(Ⅴ)中的亲电原子(砷原子)发生亲电反应,腐殖酸中的羧酸基团与As(Ⅲ)通过酯基相结合[14].当腐殖酸和有机胂共存时,由于腐殖酸带负电荷,它可以被带正电荷的吸附剂吸引,腐殖酸的羧基和酚基可以与质子化的胺基相互作用形成有机络合物,这些有机络合物对结合位点的直接竞争可能导致有机胂的去除率下降[15].
水体中的铁、锰氧化物或氢氧化物是砷的主要载体[16],砷可以吸附在含铁矿物表面,形成络合物,降低了砷在水中的迁移能力[17-18].磁铁矿是水体中常见的含铁矿物,其不仅能够选择性的吸附砷,在低磁场下还可以从水相中迅速分离,在环境工程领域已被用于去除水体中的砷.在铁(Fe) 存在的情况下,溶解性有机质(DOM)可以通过Fe 桥联结合大量的砷而形成 As-Fe-DOM 络合物[19].在As-Fe-DOM 络合物中,砷和DOM的络合会使DOM的荧光基团发生荧光猝灭,并被三维荧光技术所检测.本论文以腐殖酸-二甲基胂酸体系的荧光特性、分子表面电荷特性以及红外特征为抓手,探讨了不同吸附时间、吸附剂用量和pH下,腐殖酸对二甲基胂酸在磁铁矿上吸附的影响.通过红外光谱、Zeta电位、X 射线光电子能谱和三维荧光光谱的数据分析,解析磁铁矿-腐殖酸-二甲基胂酸三者之间的相互作用机制,为砷污染环境风险评估与治理提供了科学依据.
腐殖酸对二甲基胂酸在磁铁矿上吸附过程的影响
Effect of humic acid on the adsorption of dimethylarsinic acid by magnetite
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摘要: 二甲基胂酸作为一种有毒物质,对水环境造成了严重的危害.水中的溶解有机质可以抑制或促进二甲基胂酸在水中的迁移,本研究探究了腐殖酸对二甲基胂酸在磁铁矿上吸附过程的影响.结果表明,二甲基胂酸在磁铁矿表面的吸附动力学符合准二级吸附动力学模型,吸附等温线符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,从而证实了二甲基胂酸在磁铁矿上的吸附是多层化学吸附过程.在pH为7、9、11时,腐殖酸对二甲基胂酸在磁铁矿上的吸附均有抑制作用.Zeta电位分析说明腐殖酸通过静电斥力作用抑制磁铁矿吸附二甲基胂酸.红外光谱分析表明形成了磁铁矿-腐殖酸-二甲基胂酸三元络合物.X 射线光电子能谱表明吸附后含氧官能团含量的增多也进一步验证了磁铁矿-腐殖酸-二甲基胂酸络合物的形成.不同pH时,腐殖酸-磁铁矿的三维荧光光谱证实发生了荧光猝灭.Abstract: As a kind of toxic substance, dimethylarsinic acid has caused serious harm to water environment. Dissolved organic matter in water can inhibit or promote the migration of dimethylarsinic acid in water. This study investigated the effect of humic acid on the adsorption process of dimethylarsinic acid by magnetite. The results show that the adsorption kinetics of dimethylarsinic acid on magnetite surface conformed to the quasi-second-order adsorption kinetics model, and the adsorption isotherm conformed to the Friedrich isotherm model. Therefore, it is confirmed that the adsorption of dimethylarsinic acid on magnetite is a multi-layer chemical adsorption process. The adsorption of dimethylarsinic acid on magnetite was inhibited by humic acid at pH 7, 9 and 11. Zeta potential analysis suggested that humic acid inhibited the adsorption of dimethylarsinic acid on magnetite by electrostatic interaction. Infrared spectrum analysis showed that the ternary complex of magnetite-humic acid-dimethylarsinic acid was formed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the content of oxygen-containing functional groups increased after adsorption, further verifying the formation of magnetite-humic acid-dimethylarsinic acid complex. The appearance of fluorescence quenching was confirmed by three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of humic acid-magnetite at different pH.
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Key words:
- dimethylarsinic acid /
- magnetite /
- humic acid /
- complexation.
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表 1 二甲基胂酸吸附动力学拟合结果
Table 1. Fitting results of adsorption kinetics of dimethylarsinic acid
实验体系
Experimental systempH Qe,exp/
(mg·g−1)准一级动力学
Pseudo-first order dynamics准二级动力学
Pseudo-second order dynamicsQe,cal/(mg·g−1) K1/h−1 R2 Qe,cal/(mg·g−1) K2/(mg·g−1·h−1) R2 磁铁矿-二甲基胂酸 7 0.22 0.10 0.004 0.91 0.23 0.18 0.99 磁铁矿-二甲基胂酸-腐殖酸 7 0.10 0.04 0.0014 0.61 0.10 0.00018 0.99 表 2 腐殖酸存在时二甲基胂酸在磁铁矿上吸附等温线拟合参数
Table 2. Adsorption isotherm fitting parameters of dimethylarsinic acid on magnetite in the presence of humic acid
pH 实验体系
Experimental systemLangmuir吸附等温模型
Langmuir adsorption isothermal modelFreundlich吸附等温模型
Freundlich adsorption isothermal modelQm/(mg·g−1) KL/(mg·L−1) R2 n KF/(mg(1-n)·Ln·g−1) R2 7 磁铁矿-二甲基胂酸 −0.12 −0.81 0.91 0.37 0.45 0.90 磁铁矿-二甲基胂酸-腐殖酸 −0.06 −5.8 0.63 0.53 0.08 0.63 9 磁铁矿-二甲基胂酸 −0.13 −0.61 0.98 0.51 0.20 0.97 磁铁矿-二甲基胂酸-腐殖酸 −1.20 −0.86 0.98 0.22 0.08 0.97 11 磁铁矿-二甲基胂酸 −6.14 −0.95 0.97 0.03 0.02 0.90 磁铁矿-二甲基胂酸-腐殖酸 4.00×10−3 −0.97 0.87 0.04 0.15 0.82 -
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