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随着城市化和工业化的快速发展,大量污染物被排放到环境中,例如重金属离子、毒素、酚类化合物和农药等物质[1],造成的环境问题日益严重. 这些化学污染物因为对生物体具有较高的毒性和富集性,并且难以清除,成为目前人们关注的热点. 有效监测水质是环境监测和水处理的关键步骤[2],因此,对环境样品中痕量污染物的精确识别和检测越来越重要. 在过去几年中,大量方法如原子吸收光谱法(AAS)[3]、原子荧光光谱法(AFS)[4]、超瑞利散射法[5]、液相色谱等已被广泛用于检测水中污染物质. 在这些技术中,光电化学分析法是基于光电化学过程建立起来的一种新的检测方法,它的激发信号和检测信号分别为光和光电流,与传统技术相比具有高灵敏度、响应快速、检测限低和成本低等优点.
在光电化学传感过程中,光照射光活性材料修饰的工作电极会产生电子-空穴对,电子受体与导带上激发电子反应会产生阴极光电流,电子供体与价带上的空穴中和会形成阳极光电流[6], 依据电信号的变化与待测物质的浓度关系可实现目标物的定性定量分析. 根据界面处光电流的不同形成过程,PEC传感涉及几种类型. 例如,分析物直接作为电子供体或受体,通过简单的氧化还原反应可实现分析物检测[7-8];利用适配体与光活性材料之间的直接化学反应、配位或修饰,从而观察光电流的定量响应变化,用于有效检测分析物浓度[9-10]. 利用不同方法可构建PEC生物传感器[11]、PEC适配体传感器[12]等传感器类型用于检测不同水环境污染物质.
光电化学传感器工作电极的选择是实现光电化学灵敏检测的关键,然而如何进一步提高光电化学传感器的选择性和灵敏度仍然是一项具有挑战性的工作. 目前的研究大多集中在电极的单一化学修饰上,但该方法受限于材料本身的能带间隙较宽以及和电子-空穴复合率较高,难以满足实际应用中灵敏度和检测限的要求. 针对以上问题,提出了元素掺杂[13]、贵金属表面沉积和构建异质结[14]等改性方法来提高传感性能,其中构建异质结纳米阵列的方法,可以显著扩大光谱响应范围并提高光生电子迁移速率[15]. 与纳米单元随机分布的不规则纳米结构相比,有序纳米结构阵列具有较大的比表面积,可以有效提高能量转换和提高光子吸收效率,减小电荷载流子的扩散距离来降低光生电子-空穴的复合速率. 因此本文以异质结纳米阵列为研究对象并归纳整理了近年来基于异质结纳米阵列的光电化学传感器在水环境监测方面应用的优秀研究成果.
基于异质结纳米阵列的光电化学传感器在水环境检测中应用研究进展
Research progress of photoelectrochemical sensors based on heterojunction nanoarrays in water environmental detection
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摘要: 光电化学检测方法由于具有灵敏度高、设备简单、易于微型化等特点,已经成为环境领域极具应用潜力的分析方法. 本文对基于异质结纳米阵列的光电化学传感器的研究进展进行了概述,以Ⅱ型、Z型以及S型异质结光电化学(PEC)过程的电子转移机理为主线,重点介绍了采用不同制备方法构建以TiO2、ZnO和WO3为基底的异质结纳米阵列对提高光吸收能力、光生电子空穴分离能力以及光电化学传感器的传感性能的重要影响,拓展了光电化学传感器的实际应用领域,最后对基于异质结纳米阵列的光电化学传感器用于水环境污染物检测的发展前景进行了展望.Abstract: Photoelectrochemical detection methods have become highly promising analytical techniques for environmental applications due to their high sensitivity, simple equipment, and easy miniaturization. This paper provides an overview of the research progress of photoelectrochemical sensors based on heterojunction nanoarrays, focusing on the electron transfer mechanism of type Ⅱ, Z-scheme, and S-scheme heterojunction photoelectrochemical (PEC) processes, and highlights the important effects of different fabrication methods for constructing the heterojunction nanoarrays based on TiO2, ZnO and WO3 to improve the light absorption ability, the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and the sensing performance of photoelectrochemical sensors. Finally, the development prospect of the photoelectrochemical sensors based on heterojunction nanoarrays for the detection of water environmental pollutants is presented.
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图 3 (a) WO3/MIL-100(Fe) Z型异质结的电子转移机理,(b)•OH的ESR光谱[27],(c) Z型PEC 传感平台的构建过程和电荷分离过示意图[28]
Figure 3. (a) WO3/MIL-100(Fe) charge-carrier migration mechanism of Z-scheme heterojunction,(b) ESR spectrum of •OH[27],(c) schematic illustration and charge-separation process for the Z-scheme PEC sensing platform[28]
图 5 (a)TiO2/SnS2/MoS2 SEM图像[43],(b)模拟阳光下样品的光电流密度曲线[43],(c)Au@H-TiO2电极的SEM图像[44],(d)可见光下Au@H-TiO2电极的光电流-时间曲线[44]
Figure 5. (a)SEM image of TiO2/SnS2/MoS2[43],(b)Photocurrent density curves for samples under simulated sunlight[43], (c)Low magnification SEM image of the Au@H-TiO2 electrode[44], (d)Photocurrent profiles at 0.6 V in the dark and under visible light[44]
图 6 (a)ZnO/MoS2纳米棒的TEM图像[52],(b) 搅拌时ZnO/MoS2的Z型异质结能带图, (c) 连续电沉积制备a-MoSx@ZnO NR异质结纳米阵列电极,用于PEC对TOB适形传感的示意图[53],(d)a-MoSx@ZnO NR阵列的SEM图像[53],(e)CdS/ZnO NR的SEM图像[54],(f)用于检测SRB的PEC传感平台的示意图[54]
Figure 6. (a)TEM image of one ZnO/MoS2 nanorod[52],(b)Energy band diagram of ZnO / MoS2 Z-scheme heterojunction under stirring,(c)Schematic illustration of the sequential electrodeposition preparation of a-MoSx@ZnO core–shell NR arrays electrode for PEC aptasensing of TOB[53], (d)SEM image of a-MoSx@ZnO NR arrays[53],(e)SEM image of CdS/ZnO/FTO[54],(f)Schematic representation of the developed PEC sensing platform for detection of SRB[54]
图 7 (a)WO3-x纳米线SEM图像横截面[60],(b)APTES分子和WO3-x纳米线界面处可能的能级图的示意图. HOMO代表最高占据分子轨道,LUMO代表最低未占据分子轨道,(c)WO3/Cu2O形成的Ⅱ型异质结和Z型异质结电子转移机理[61]
Figure 7. (a)SEM imaging of the cross-section of WO3-x nanowires[60],(b)Schematic representation of the possible energy level diagram at the interface of APTES molecule and WO3-x nanowires. HOMO is the highest occupied molecular orbital, LUMO is the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital,(c)Electron transfer mechanism of type-Ⅱ WO3/Cu2O heterojunction and Z-scheme WO3/Cu2O heterojunction[61]
图 8 (a)Fe2O3- In2O3纳米棒阵列的SEM图像[66],(b)可见光照射下Fe2O3NRA和In2O3界面处光生电子/空穴对的能带结构和分离机制示意图,(c)AgI/Ag/BiOI NSA的制备以及用于氯霉素检测的光电化学传感器原理[67],(d)在H2O2存在下,通过HRP将4-CN催化氧化为4-CD,在电极表面原位沉积AgI/Ag/BiOI/FTO时的电子转移机制,(e)可见光下MoS2/Ag/SiNWs电极的J-V曲线[68],(f)MoS2和SiNW中电荷的分离和转移示意图
Figure 8. (a)SEM images of Fe2O3 NRA- In2O3[66],(b)Schematic diagram of energy band configuration and the separation mechanism of photo-generated electron/hole pairs at the interface between Fe2O3 NRA and In2O3 under visible-light irradiation,(c)Illustration of preparing the AgI/Ag/BiOI NSAs and the PEC mechanism of the aptasensor for CAP detection[67],(d)The electron transfer mechanism of AgI/Ag/BiOI/FTO when the precipitates are in-situ deposited on the electrode surface via catalytic oxidation of 4-CN to 4-CD by HRP in the presence of H2O2,(e)J-V curves of MoS2 / Ag / SiNWs electrode under visible light[68],(f)Schematic diagram for the separation and transfer of photogenerated charges in MoS2 and SiNWs
表 1 基于TiO2异质结纳米阵列的光电化学传感器用于环境污染物的检测性能
Table 1. Photoelectrochemical sensor based on TiO2 heterojunction nano array for environmental pollutant detection
传感器
Sensor结构类型
Structure type检测物质
Test substance检出限/(μmol·L−1)
Detection limit线性范围/(μmol·L−1)
Linear range参考文献
ReferenceMoS2/TiO2-NTAs Ⅱ型异质结 谷胱甘肽 1.6 0—600 [45] ZnPc/TiO2 NRAs Ⅱ型异质结 双酚A 8.6 ×10−3 0.047—52.1 [48] Au/Ag NPs-TiO2 NRA Ⅱ型异质结 抗生素环丙沙星 10–3 0.5 —5 [49] PANI/TiO2 NRA Ⅱ型异质结 二甲胺 1.1 22.2—666.2 [50] 3D-NiO/TiO2 NWA Ⅱ型异质结 柚皮素类黄酮 2.5×10−5 1.50 × 10−2—0.235 [51] *NWA为纳米线阵列. *The NWA stands for nanowire array. 表 2 用于环境污染物检测的基于ZnO异质结纳米阵列的光电化学传感器
Table 2. Photochemical sensors based on ZnO heterojunction nanoarray for environmental pollutant detection
传感器
Sensor结构类型
Structure type检测物质
Test substance检出限/(μmol·L−1)
Detection limit线性范围/(μmol·L−1)
Linear range参考文献
ReferenceMoSx@ZnO-NRA Ⅱ型异质结 妥布霉素 1.78×10−5 3.12×10−5—0.156 [53] CdS/ZnO NRA Ⅱ型异质结 硫酸盐还原菌 32 cfu·mL−1 1 × 102—
1 × 106 cfu·mL−1[54] CdS/RGO/ZnO NRA Ⅱ型异质结 谷胱甘肽 10 5×10−5—1×10−3 [55] ZnO/CdS NRA Ⅱ型异质结 Cu2+ 0.01 0.02—40 [56] NP-ZnO-FRs Ⅱ型异质结 甲胎蛋白(AFP) 1.12×10−5 1.56×10−5—0.156 [57] Ag/ZnO NRA Ⅱ型异质结 硫代磷酸酯类农药 0.010 0.05—700 [58] * FRs为花状纳米阵列. * FRs stand for flower-rod nano array. 表 3 用于环境污染物检测的基于WO3异质结纳米阵列光电化学传感器
Table 3. Photochemical sensors based on WO3 heterojunction nanoarray for environmental pollutant detection
传感器
Sensor结构类型
Structure type检测物质
Test substance检出限/(nmol·L−1)
Detection limit线性范围/(nmol·L−1)
Linear range参考文献
ReferenceWO3-RGO Ⅱ型异质结 cTnI 0.0312 0.0312-780 [62] SnS2/WO3 NRs Ⅱ型异质结 VEGF165 3.4×10−4 5×10−4 [63] Znln2S4/Au-WO3 IOPCs Z型异质结 土霉素 1.2 × 10−4 2 × 10−4—1 × 10−1 [64] g-C3N4/WO3 NS Ⅱ型异质结 丙酮 — 8.6×103—861×104 [65] * IOPCs为反蛋白石光子晶体阵列,具有光捕获结构和均匀且周期性的孔隙,孔隙被固体壁包围. * IOPCs stand for inverse opal photonic crystal arrays, which have light trapping structures as well as uniform and periodic pores surrounded by solid walls. -
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