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羟基多氯联苯 (hydroxylated PCBs, OH-PCBs) 的母体化合物多氯联苯 (polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs) 是斯德哥尔摩公约限制的首批持久性有机污染物 (persistent organic pollutants, POPs) 之一,曾被广泛应用于电力设备、化工、印刷等领域[1-2]. 由于PCBs具有POPs属性(持久性、生物蓄积性、半挥发性以及生物毒性),自20世纪80年代被大批禁用后,至今在环境中仍难以被彻底消除[3-4]. 环境中的PCBs经过一系列化学/生理生化反应能够产生羟基多氯联苯 (hydroxylated PCBs, OH-PCBs)、甲磺基-PCBs、PCBs硫酸盐等多种二代持久性污染物[5-7]. OH-PCBs是环境样品中最常见的PCBs的代谢/反应产物之一,酚羟基基团的加入使得分子的辛醇/水分配系数减小,从而在生物体内存在的PCBs向OH-PCBs的转化过程普遍被认为是一种有效的生物解毒途径[8-9].
OH-PCBs既能通过生物代谢转化而来,又能在自然环境条件下通过自发进行的化学反应形成[10-11]. 因此,环境中OH-PCBs的来源主要可分为生物代谢途径和非生物过程转化途径. 细胞色素P450单加氧化酶 (CYP450) 是一个庞大的酶系家族,主要存在于肝脏[12],该酶系主要对药物及进入体内的其它外源性化合物进行催化氧化,是药物代谢的重要催化酶[13]. PCBs通过食物摄入、呼吸作用、皮肤接触等过程进入生物体后,在CYP450的作用下,经氧化芳烃介导或在苯环上直接嵌入—OH基团而转化为OH-PCBs[8, 14-15]. 近年来,越来越多的研究显示,PCBs通过大气进行远距离迁移过程中,部分低氯化PCBs以蒸汽形态存在,并能与羟基自由基 (OH·) 发生反应形成OH-PCBs[11]. 两种来源的OH-PCBs经雨水冲刷、大气沉降、地表径流等途径汇聚于江、河、湖、海,从而使水生环境成为OH-PCBs等持久性污染物的主要蓄积库之一.
水生环境蓄积库中的OH-PCBs通过各级生物的不断富集,最终流向包括人类在内位于食物链顶端的生物. 通过对全球各地区研究人员调查结果的统计发现,在水产品摄入量较高地区的人群体内以及以水生生物为主要捕食对象的掠食类动物体内均发现有不同程度OH-PCBs的蓄积[16-22]. 现有的研究结果表明,蓄积在动物体内的OH-PCBs会引发一系列毒性效应,例如内分泌干扰效应[2, 23-24]、生殖毒性[25]及神经行为毒性[26]等. 作为公认的环境内分泌干扰物 (environmental disrupt compounds, EDCs),内分泌干扰效应是OH-PCBs最典型的毒性效应. 研究发现,很多OH-PCBs与生物内源性分泌物 (如:雌二醇、甲状腺素 (thyroxine, T4)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸 (triiodothyronine, T3)) 具有相似的结构特征或酶结合位点,推测该性质与OH-PCBs在血液中的持久残留性有关[27-28]. 目前已经有很多学者针对OH-PCBs的内分泌干扰效应开展调查研究,并从不同角度剖析OH-PCBs的内分泌干扰活性[27, 29-30],但关于其发挥内分泌干扰作用的机理研究仍缺乏直接有力的证据. 随着相关研究的不断深入,越来越多证据表明残留在动物体内的OH-PCBs或具有比母体化合物更强的毒性,而关于OH-PCBs通过食物链进入生物体后的二次代谢过程及其生理危害缺乏系统性研究. 本文对水生环境蓄积库中OH-PCBs的污染现状、生物体内的蓄积传递特征及其内分泌干扰效应机制研究进展进行综述,为进一步研究OH-PCBs的生物有效性、在生物体内的二次代谢及其毒理学评价提供参考.
水生环境中OH-PCBs的来源、污染现状及其内分泌干扰机制研究进展
Research progress on the source and pollution status of OH-PCBs in aquatic environment and their endocrine disruption mechanism
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摘要: 羟基多氯联苯 (hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls,OH-PCBs) 是典型持久性污染物多氯联苯 (polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs) 在环境中经多种机制氧化产生的主要产物之一,属于二代环境持久性污染物,在水生环境中被广泛检出(水体 <4.12 ng·g−1,沉积物 <26.0 ng·g−1,水生生物<1838.38 ng·g−1). 水生环境中OH-PCBs的来源主要包括两方面,一方面,PCBs在生物体内由细胞色素P450 (CYP450) 单加氧化酶系直接氧化或经氧化芳烃介导而产生OH-PCBs;另一方面,PCBs能够与大气中的羟基自由基发生反应转化为OH-PCBs,最终环境中的OH-PCBs经过雨水冲刷、大气沉降等作用进入水生环境中. 水生环境介质中痕量的OH-PCBs经食物链的传递和放大作用,不仅对水生生物的生理活动造成影响,而且能够通过水产品等食物途径进入到人体. 由于部分OH-PCBs的结构与天然雌激素、甲状腺激素等内分泌物质类似,在动物体内会导致一系列内分泌干扰效应,但其干扰机制仍未阐明;并且蓄积在生物体内的OH-PCBs能够进一步发生代谢转化,产生的多种代谢产物及其毒理效应有待进一步研究. 本文对目前OH-PCBs在水生环境中的污染现状、生物体内的蓄积及“再代谢”特征及其内分泌干扰效应机制研究进展进行综述,进而为OH-PCBs的暴露风险评价、蓄积代谢规律以及毒理学效应研究提供参考.Abstract: Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) are one of the main products of typical persistent pollutants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), produced by oxidation in the environment through various mechanisms, and are the second generation environmental persistent pollutants. This class of substances is currently widely detected in the aquatic environment (water < 4.12 ng·g−1, sediment < 26.0 ng·g−1, aquatic organisms < 1838.38 ng·g−1). The sources of OH-PCBs in the aquatic environment mainly include two aspects. On the one hand, PCBs are directly oxidized by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) mono-additive oxidase system or mediated by oxidized aromatic hydrocarbons to produce OH-PCBs in living organisms; on the other hand, PCBs can react with atmospheric hydroxyl radicals to convert into OH-PCBs. Finally, the OH-PCBs in the environment are accumulated in the aquatic environment through the effects of rain erosion and atmospheric deposition. Since the structure of some OH-PCBs is similar to natural estrogen, thyroid hormone and other endocrine substances, it will cause a series of endocrine disrupting effects in animals. However, these interference mechanisms remain unclear. Moreover, the OH-PCBs accumulated in the organism can further undergo metabolic transformation, and the various metabolites produced and their toxicological effects need further study. This paper reviews the current pollution status of OH-PCBs in aquatic environment, the characteristics of accumulation and "re-metabolism" in organisms, and the research progress on the mechanism of endocrine disrupting effect. The purpose is to provide a reference for the exposure risk assessment, accumulation metabolism law and toxicological effect research of OH-PCBs.
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表 1 OH-PCBs在国内外各地区水生生物样本的污染现状
Table 1. Pollution status of OH-PCBs in aquatic biological samples in various regions at home and abroad
地区
Area样品
Sample浓度/(ng·g−1, ww)
Concentration文献
References中国上海 河虾 3.48—6.42 [42] 乌鳢 0—4.12 鳜鱼 2.75—6.41 中国东海 带鱼 0.004—0.09 章鱼 0.03—0.60 虎头鲨 0.27—1.04 贻贝 < LOQ 缢蛏 < LOQ 中国浙江省台州市 河虾 7.49—12.9 [36] 黄颡鱼 6.02—12.95 螺蛳 1.52—17.35 鲫鱼 3.38—29.43 泥鳅 16.98—49.93 五大湖地区 湖鳟 <0.105 [45] 美国底特律河 食肉/远洋鱼 1.40—171.60 [43] 底栖鱼类 0.47—117.84 美国阿拉斯加州 弓头鲸(血液) 1.26—1.74 [46] 北大西洋西部 灰海豹(脑脊液) 1838.38 [44] 美国旧金山湾 海豹(肝脏) 20—690 [19] 俄罗斯贝加尔湖 海豹(血液) 0.71—4.6 [47] 加拿大安大略省 云斑鮰(血浆) 3.6 [48] 日本沿海 扇形双髻鲨 29—141 [49] 日本琥珀鱼 230—650 注:LOQ: limit of quantification. -
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