-
磷作为植物生长及发育必需大量营养元素,通常以无机磷肥形式施用于土壤[1]。无机磷肥进入土壤后,极易被土壤固相吸附或与钙镁等金属阳离子形成难溶性络合物,导致其植物可利用性降低。此外,20%—80%磷肥转化为有机磷,占土壤全磷的40%—90%,仅约0.1%可被植物直接吸收利用[2]。因此,为保障农作物营养和产量,常施用过量磷肥,造成严重且广泛的环境污染问题[3]。磷肥的大量施用导致土壤酸化和植物营养失衡,且易在土壤中富集,造成土壤磷污染,并通过地表/地下水进入到水体中,引起水体的富营养化[4]。据此,提高土壤有机磷的植物利用率可优化农作物生产、降低磷肥施用量、降低磷流失及水体污染风险。
矿化作用是在土壤微生物作用下,土壤中有机态化合物转化为无机态化合物的总称。植酸(肌醇六磷酸)是土壤有机磷的主要存在形态(50%—70%)[5]。然而,植物根系难以直接吸收植酸,通常植酸需被专一性酶(植酸酶)水解生成植物能够吸收利用的正磷酸盐(磷酸氢根、磷酸二氢根)[6]。植酸酶(肌醇六磷酸水解酶)属于一类特殊的酸性磷酸单酯水解酶,能有效催化植酸及其盐类水解并产生肌醇衍生物和磷酸盐,可由土壤微生物分泌至植物根际环境中发挥作用[7]。植酸酶基因(phyA)由Richardson等[8]在黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)中发现,并将其转入拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliaha),转基因拟南芥相较于野生型拟南芥的植酸酶活性由3.9—14.3 U·mg−1提高至224—14980 U·mg−1,其生长和磷营养得到显著改善,表明转基因植物可通过表达微生物植酸酶基因,高效分泌植酸酶进而有效利用植酸。Nelson等[9]首次证实饲料中的植酸可经过微生物植酸酶水解,释放出磷元素,极大推动微生物植酸酶的研究进展。随后一系列关于植酸酶提高植酸磷生物利用率的研究证实,微生物植酸酶基因可以显著促进植酸酶分泌,进而提高基质中植酸的分解效率,可为植物提供充足的磷营养[10]。因此,微生物是驱使土壤植酸矿化的关键因子,可高效分解难利用态有机磷,补偿植物根际有效/活性磷,是植物生长的重要磷源[11]。
近年来,伴随着对微生物植酸酶的研究逐步深入,关于其在农业领域的应用已引起广泛关注。目前,研究多集中于各类微生物植酸酶对谷类作物植酸矿化和在家禽动物营养中的作用,关于其对土壤植酸矿化与土壤有机磷利用的系统性综述报道较少。由此,本文主要关注微生物植酸酶对土壤植酸的矿化作用,重点阐述其过程、机制和效率,包括微生物植酸酶的种类来源、酶学性质、作用机理和实际应用等方面的研究进展。该综述可为提高土壤有机磷的生物利用率、减少农业磷肥施用、降低土壤磷流失及水体污染风险提供理论依据和技术支撑,为深入探究植酸酶功能并应用于农业生产实践及保障生态环境安全提供参考。
微生物植酸酶及其对土壤植酸的矿化作用综述
Microbial phytase and its role in phytate mineralization in soils: A review
-
摘要: 有机磷是土壤磷的主要存在形式,占比40%—90%,是作物磷营养的重要来源和储备库,亦是引起水体富营养化的潜在因子。磷作为植物生长发育的必需大量营养元素,通常以无机磷肥形式施用于土壤,易吸附于土壤表面或与钙、镁、铝、铁等金属阳离子形成难溶性络合物,导致其生物可利用性降低,其中20%—80%磷肥转化为有机磷,不易被植物吸收利用。矿化作用是在土壤微生物作用下,土壤中有机态化合物转化为无机态化合物的总称。土壤中有机磷主要以植酸及其盐类形式存在(占比50%—70%),植酸(盐)可被专一性酶(植酸酶)矿化水解为肌醇和磷酸(盐),并释放出无机磷,以供植物的根系直接吸收和利用。前期研究发现,缺磷胁迫下微生物可大量分泌植酸酶分解植酸,释放磷酸根,促使土壤有机磷水解矿化为无机磷,提高了土壤有机磷的生物可利用率。目前关于微生物植酸酶矿化植酸的研究多集中于谷类作物和动物营养,对土壤植酸矿化与土壤有机磷利用的综述性报道较少。因此,本文主要关注微生物植酸酶对土壤植酸的矿化作用与土壤有机磷利用,重点阐述其过程、机制和效率,包括微生物植酸酶的种类来源、酶学性质、作用机理和实际应用等方面的研究进展,可为提高土壤有机磷的生物利用效率、减少农业磷肥施用量、降低土壤磷流失及水体污染风险提供理论依据和技术支撑,为深入探究植酸酶功能并应用于农业生产实践及保障生态环境安全提供基础信息和参考。Abstract: Soil organic phosphorus (Po) is the predominant form of phosphorus (P) in soils which accounts for 40%—90% of soil total P (Pt). Therefore, it is an important P source for crop nutrition and also a potential factor for water eutrophication. Phosphorus is an essential element for plant growth, which is often applied to land as inorganic phosphate (Pi) fertilizers. Once into soils, P is readily sorbed on soils or bound with metal cations such as calcium, magnesium, aluminum, and iron, thereby being less bioaccessible. 20%—80% of P fertilizer can be transformed to Po, rendering it reluctant to be utilized by plants. Mineralization is the transformation of soil organic compounds into inorganic compounds with the help of microbes. Phytate is the predominant fraction of Po (50%—70%), which can be mineralized or hydrolyzed to inositol and P by the specific enzyme—phytase, releasing P for root uptake and plant growth. Microbes can secret phytase to hydrolyze phytate to release phosphate under P-deficiency stresses, thereby improves the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of soil phytate. At present, studies on microbial phytate mineralization by phytase mainly focus on cereal and poultry nutritional aspects, limited review papers on soil phytate mineralization and its P utilization by plants. Therefore, this paper reviews microbial phytase and its roles in soil phytate mineralization, with the emphasis on mineralization processes, mechanisms and efficiencies. These include the research progress on phytase’s species, sources, enzymatic properties, functional mechanisms, and its practical application efficiencies. The information provides theoretical foundation and technical support for improving soil Po utilization efficiency and reducing P fertilizer consumption and risk of P runoff and water eutrophication. In addition, this paper provides basic information and reference for further investigating microbial phytase to better its practical application in agricultural production and ecological environment safety protection.
-
Key words:
- phosphorus /
- microorganism /
- phytase /
- phytate /
- mineralization /
- agricultural production
-
表 1 微生物植酸酶种类及其植酸矿化机制
Table 1. Microbial phytase species and phytate mineralization mechanisms
分类方式
Classification
methods植酸酶种类
Phytase species结构特征
Structural properties植酸矿化机制
Phytate mineralization
mechanisms微生物
Microbes参考文献
References植酸发生水解脱磷酸化的位置 3–植酸酶
(EC 3.1.3.8)存在1个开放阅读框(ORF);2个外显子被1个真菌内含子隔开;内含子均有相同特征保守序列:供体序列GTRNGC;索套序列RCTRAC;受体序列YAG 从肌醇3-C位催化水解酯键,依次释放其他碳位的磷 克雷伯氏菌属
(Klebsiella sp.)[40] 淀粉乳杆菌(Lactobacillus amylovorus) [41] 植酸发生水解脱磷酸化的位置 3–植酸酶
(EC 3.1.3.8)存在1个开放阅读框(ORF);2个外显子被1个真菌内含子隔开;内含子均有相同特征保守序列:供体序列GTRNGC;索套序列RCTRAC;受体序列YAG 从肌醇3-C位催化水解酯键,依次释放其他碳位的磷 埃氏巨型球菌(Megasphaera elsdenii) [42] 光岗菌(Mitsuokella multiacidus、Mitsuokella jalaludinii) [42-43] 6–植酸酶
(EC 3.1.3.26)含有共同的活性位点保守序列RHGXRXP 从肌醇6-C位启动脱磷酸化 大肠杆菌
(Escherichia coil)[19] 催化机制 组氨酸酸性磷酸酶
(HAP)N-末端基元:RHGXRXP
C-末端基元:HDN-末端基元RHGXRXP中组氨酸(H)残基亲核攻击磷酸基团形成一个共价磷酸-组氨酸中间体,然后C-末端基元HD中天冬氨酸(D)残基向即将断裂的磷酸单酯键的氧原子提供质子,磷酸-组氨酸中间体水解消耗一分子水游离出磷酸基团,反应过程无需金属离子参与 阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae) [44] 肠杆菌属(Enterobacter sp.) [45] 产气克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella aerogenes) [46] 肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae) [47] 土生克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella terrigena) [48] 产酸克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella oxytoca) [49] 变形肥杆菌(Obesumbacterium proteus) [50] 成团泛生菌(Pantoea agglomerans) [51] 普氏菌属(Prevotella sp.) [52] 丁香假单胞菌(Pseudomonas syringae) [53] 草莓假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fragi) [54] 密螺旋菌体属(Treponema sp.) [52] 中间耶尔森菌(Yersinia intermedia) [55] 隔孢伏革菌(Peniophora lycii) [56] 无花果曲霉菌(Aspergillus ficuum) [57] 黑曲霉菌(Aspergillus niger) [58] β螺旋植酸酶(BPP) 主要由β-折叠片组成,形状类似6叶β螺旋桨 BPP具有2个不对称磷酸基团结合部位,“切割部位”(Cleavage site,CS)和“亲和部位”(Affinity site,AS),AS促进植酸分子结合,而CS负责水解磷酸基团 解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloquefaciens) [59] 地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis) [60] 枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) [61] 芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.) [62] 布氏柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter braakii) [63] 半胱氨酸植酸酶(CP) 包含活性部位基元HCXXGXXR(T/S) 活性部位形成一个含保守半胱氨基酸(C241)的磷酸基团结合环(Phosphate-binding loop,P-loop),其中C241的不可逆氧化使P-loop由非活性的开放构象转变为活性的闭合构象,P-loop充当特异底物的结合环,其深度决定底物的特异性。CP有一个较深的P-loop,能适应植酸分子充分磷酸化而呈负电性的肌醇环,有利的静电环境促进底物植酸分子分解 反刍月形单胞菌(Selenomonas ruminantium) [64] 假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.) [65] 催化机制 紫色酸性磷酸酶(PAP) 包含特有的7个金属配合氨基酸残基,7个残基(D、D、Y、N、H、H、H)包含在5个保守基元中(DXG/GDXXY/GNH(ED)/VXXH/GHXH) PAP包括具有植酸酶活性的蛋白AtPAP15能够降低植酸含量 伯克霍尔德菌属(Burkholderia sp.) [66] 表 2 微生物植酸酶的酶学性质
Table 2. The enzymatic properties of microbial phytase
微生物
Microbes最适温度/℃
Temperature
optimum最适pH
pH
optimum分子量/(KDa)
Molecular
weightKm/(μmol) 特异性酶活性/
(U·mg−1)
Specific activity参考文献
References细菌 解淀粉芽孢杆菌
(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)70 — 42 — — [67] 枯草芽孢杆菌
(Bacillus subtilis)60 6—6.5 36—38 500 8.7 [68] 地衣芽孢杆菌
(Bacillus licheniformis)55, 65 4.5—6 44, 47 — — [69] 芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.) 70 7 44 550 20 [70] 布氏柠檬酸杆菌
(Citrobacter braakii)50 4 47 460 1122 [63] 大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) 60 4.5 42 130 811 [71] 肠杆菌属(Enterobacter sp.) 50 7—7.5 — 700 — [45] 产气克雷伯氏菌
(Klebsiella aerogenes)— — 10—13 — — [46] 肺炎克雷伯氏菌
(Klebsiella pneumoniae)50 4 — — — [47] 土生克雷伯氏菌
(Klebsiella terrigena)58 5 40 300 205 [72] 产酸克雷伯氏菌
(Klebsiella oxytoca)55 5–6 — — — [49] 变形肥杆菌
(Obesumbacterium proteus)40–45 4.9 45 340 310 [56] 成团泛生菌
(Pantoea agglomerans)60 4.5 42 340 140 [73] 构巢裸壳孢菌
(Emericella nidulans)— 6.5 66 — 29–33 [62] 丁香假单胞菌
(Pseudomonas syringae)40 5.5 45 380 2.514 [53] 左旋乳酸芽孢杆菌
(Bacillus laevolacticus)70 7–8 41–46 — 12.69 [74] 戊糖乳杆菌
(Lactobacillus pentosus)50 5 69 — — [75] 植物乳杆菌
(Lactobacillus plantarum)65 5.5 52 — 0.463 [76] 假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.) — 5, 7 — — — [27] 绿脓假单胞菌
(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)50 5–8 — — — [27] 反刍月形单胞菌
(Selenomonas ruminantium)50–55 4–5.5 46 — 0.6 [77] 克雷伯菌属(Klebsiella sp.) 37 6 10–13 2000 62.5 [78] 蜡孔菌属(Ceriporia sp.) 40–60 5–6 59 — 700 ± 80 [79] 绒毛拴菌(Trametes pubescens) 40–60 5–6 62 — 1210 ± 30 [79] 弗氏柠檬酸杆菌
(Citrobacter freundii)52 2.7, 5 — — — [80] 无丙二酸柠檬酸杆菌
(Citrobacter amalonaticus)— — — — 6413 [81] 细菌 疏棉状嗜热丝孢菌(Thermomyces lanuginosus) 75 6 52 — 110 [82] 嗜热毁丝菌
(Myceliophthora thermophila)62 5.5 — — — [83] 嗜热篮状菌
(Talaromyces thermophilus)— — 128 — — [83] 中间耶尔森菌
(Yersinia intermedia)55 4.5 45 — 3960 [55] 克氏耶尔森氏菌
(Yersinia kristeensenii)55 4.5 — — — [84] 香蕉狄克氏菌
(Dickeya paradisiaca)55 4.5, 5.5 — — — [85] 旧金山乳杆菌
(Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis)45 4 — — — [86] 真菌 曲霉菌属(Aspergillus sp.) — — 70 — — [8] 无花果曲霉菌(Aspergillus ficuum) 63 2.5 68 27 1.1 [57] 黑曲霉菌(Aspergillus niger) 65 5 84 100 103 [58] 炭黑曲霉菌
(Aspergillus carbonarius)53 4.7 — — — [87] 土曲霉菌(Aspergillus terrus) 70 4.5 60 11 142 [62] 烟曲霉菌(Aspergillus fumigatus) 60 6 — — 43 [88] 产黄青霉菌
(Penicillium chrysogenum)— — — — 2.86 [89] 简青霉菌
(Penicillium simplicissimum)60 3.5–5.3 65 — 3.8 [90] 草酸青霉菌(Penicillium oxalicum) 55 4.5 62.5 370 307 [91] 枝孢霉菌属(Cladosporium sp.) 40 3.5 32.6 15.2 910 [92] 米根霉菌(Rhizopus oryzae) 55 4.5 — — — [93] 少孢根霉菌(Rhizopus oligosporus) 55 4.5 — 150 9.47 [94] 微小根毛霉菌
(Rhizomucor pusillus)70 5.4 — — — [95] 嗜热侧孢霉菌
(Sporotrichum thermophile)58 5 — — — [96] 隔孢伏革菌(Peniophora lycii) 50–55 4–4.5 72 100 1080 ± 110 [56] 米曲霉菌(Aspergillus oryzae) 50 5.5 120 330 0.35 [97] 酵母菌 克鲁斯假丝酵母(Candida krusei) 40 2.5, 5.5 330 30 1210 [98] 毕赤酵母菌(Pichia pastoris) 60 2.5, 5.5 95 — 25–65 [99] 异常毕赤酵母菌(Pichia anomala) 60 4 64 200 — [100] 斯巴达克毕赤酵母
(Pichia spartinae)60 2.5 95 — — [25] 西方许旺酵母
(Schwanniomyces occidentalis)70 4.5 70 380 — [25] 酿酒酵母菌
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)55–60 2–2.5, 5–5.5 120 — 4 [101] 芽殖酵母菌
(Saccharomyces castellii)77 4.4 490 — 0.3–8 [102] 酵母白囊杆菌
(Arxula adeninivorans)75 4.5 — 230 — [31] -
[1] PARK J H, BOLAN N, MEGHARAJ M, et al. Isolation of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their potential for lead immobilization in soil [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011, 185(2/3): 829-836. [2] TAURIAN T, ANZUAY M S, ANGELINI J G, et al. Phosphate-solubilizing peanut associated bacteria: Screening for plant growth-promoting activities [J]. Plant and Soil, 2010, 329(1/2): 421-431. [3] BOLAN N S, ADRIANO D C, NAIDU R. Role of phosphorus in (Im)mobilization and bioavailability of heavy metals in the soil-plant system [J]. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2003, 177: 1-44. [4] SINGH B K. Organophosphorus-degrading bacteria: Ecology and industrial applications [J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2009, 7(2): 156-164. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2050 [5] SON H J, PARK G T, CHA M S, et al. Solubilization of insoluble inorganic phosphates by a novel salt- and pH-tolerant Pantoea agglomerans R-42 isolated from soybean rhizosphere [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2006, 97(2): 204-210. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.02.021 [6] GILES C D, HSU P C, RICHARDSON A E, et al. Plant assimilation of phosphorus from an insoluble organic form is improved by addition of an organic anion producing Pseudomonas sp. [J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2014, 68: 263-269. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.09.026 [7] HARIPRASAD P, NIRANJANA S R. Isolation and characterization of phosphate solubilizing rhizobacteria to improve plant health of tomato [J]. Plant and Soil, 2009, 316(1/2): 13-24. [8] RICHARDSON A E, HADOBAS P A, HAYES J E. Extracellular secretion of Aspergillus phytase from Arabidopsis roots enables plants to obtain phosphorus from phytate [J]. The Plant Journal: for Cell and Molecular Biology, 2001, 25(6): 641-649. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.00998.x [9] NELSON T S, SHIEH T R, WODZINSKI R J, et al. Effect of supplemental phytase on the utilization of phytate phosphorus by chicks [J]. The Journal of Nutrition, 1971, 101(10): 1289-1293. doi: 10.1093/jn/101.10.1289 [10] MANSOTRA P, SHARMA P, SHARMA S. Bioaugmentation of Mesorhizobium Cicer, Pseudomonas spp. and piriformospora indica for sustainable chickpea production [J]. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 2015, 21(3): 385-393. doi: 10.1007/s12298-015-0296-0 [11] RICHARDSON A E, SIMPSON R J. Soil microorganisms mediating phosphorus availability update on microbial phosphorus [J]. Plant Physiology, 2011, 156(3): 989-996. doi: 10.1104/pp.111.175448 [12] CREA F, de STEFANO C, MILEA D, et al. Formation and stability of phytate complexes in solution [J]. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2008, 252(10/11): 1108-1120. [13] MULLANEY E J, DALY C B, ULLAH A H. Advances in phytase research [J]. Advances in Applied Microbiology, 2000, 47: 157-199. [14] KUMAR V, SINHA A K, MAKKAR H P S, et al. Dietary roles of phytate and phytase in human nutrition: A review [J]. Food Chemistry, 2010, 120(4): 945-959. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.052 [15] FEKRI A, TORBATI M, YARI KHOSROWSHAHI A, et al. Functional effects of phytate-degrading, probiotic lactic acid bacteria and yeast strains isolated from Iranian traditional sourdough on the technological and nutritional properties of whole wheat bread [J]. Food Chemistry, 2020, 306: 125620. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125620 [16] SONG H Y, EL SHEIKHA A F, HU D M. The positive impacts of microbial phytase on its nutritional applications [J]. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 2019, 86: 553-562. doi: 10.1016/j.jpgs.2018.12.001 [17] JORQUERA M, MARTÍNEZ O, MARUYAMA F, et al. Current and future biotechnological applications of bacterial phytases and phytase-producing bacteria [J]. Microbes and Environments, 2008, 23(3): 182-191. doi: 10.1264/jsme2.23.182 [18] PANDEY A, SZAKACS G, SOCCOL C R, et al. Production, purification and properties of microbial phytases [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2001, 77(3): 203-214. doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00139-5 [19] GOLOVAN S, WANG G, ZHANG J, et al. Characterization and overproduction of the Escherichia coli appA encoded bifunctional enzyme that exhibits both phytase and acid phosphatase activities [J]. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 2000, 46(1): 59-71. doi: 10.1139/cjm-46-1-59 [20] PHILLIPPY B Q, MULLANEY E J. Expression of an Aspergillus niger phytase (phyA) in Escherichia coli [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1997, 45(8): 3337-3342. doi: 10.1021/jf970276z [21] MULLANEY E J, ULLAH A H J. The term phytase comprises several different classes of enzymes [J]. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2003, 312(1): 179-184. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.176 [22] SHIVANNA G B, GOVINDARAJULU V. Screening of asporogenic mutants of phytase-producing aspergillusniger CFR 335 strain [J]. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 2009, 21(1): 57-63. doi: 10.1080/08910600902745750 [23] MITCHELL D B, VOGEL K, WEIMANN B J, et al. The phytase subfamily of histidine acid phosphatases: Isolation of genes for two novel phytases from the fungi Aspergillus terreus and Myceliophthora thermophila[J]. Microbiology, 1997, 143 (1): 245-252. [24] OLSTORPE M, SCHNÜRER J, PASSOTH V. Screening of yeast strains for phytase activity [J]. FEMS Yeast Research, 2009, 9(3): 478-488. doi: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00493.x [25] NAKAMURA Y, FUKUHARA H, SANO K. Secreted phytase activities of yeasts [J]. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 2000, 64(4): 841-844. doi: 10.1271/bbb.64.841 [26] VOHRA A, SATYANARAYANA T. Phytases: microbial sources, production, purification, and potential biotechnological applications [J]. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 2003, 23(1): 29-60. doi: 10.1080/713609297 [27] RICHARDSON A E, HADOBAS P A. Soil isolates of Pseudomonas spp. that utilize inositol phosphates [J]. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 1997, 43(6): 509-516. doi: 10.1139/m97-073 [28] VOLFOVÁ O, DVOŘÁKOVÁ J, HANZLÍKOVÁ A, et al. Phytase from Aspergillus niger [J]. Folia Microbiologica, 1994, 39(6): 481-484. doi: 10.1007/BF02814066 [29] GARGOVA S, ROSHKOVA Z, VANCHEVA G. Screening of fungi for phytase production [J]. Biotechnology Techniques, 1997, 11(4): 221-224. doi: 10.1023/A:1018426119073 [30] LAMBRECHTS C, BOZE H, MOULIN G, et al. Utilization of phytate by some yeasts [J]. Biotechnology Letters, 1992, 14(1): 61-66. doi: 10.1007/BF01030915 [31] SANO K, FUKUHARA H, NAKAMURA Y. Phytase of the yeast Arxula adeninivorans [J]. Biotechnology Letters, 1999, 21(1): 33-38. doi: 10.1023/A:1005438121763 [32] BAE H D, YANKE L J, CHENG K J, et al. A novel staining method for detecting phytase activity [J]. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 1999, 39(1): 17-22. doi: 10.1016/S0167-7012(99)00096-2 [33] ENGELEN A J, van der HEEFT F C, RANDSDORP P H G, et al. Simple and rapid determination of phytase activity [J]. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL, 2020, 77(3): 760-764. [34] VATS P, BANERJEE U C. Production studies and catalytic properties of phytases (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate phosphohydrolases): An overview [J]. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 2004, 35(1): 3-14. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.03.010 [35] PANDEY A, SOCCOL C R. Bioconversion of biomass: A case study of ligno-cellulosics bioconversions in solid state fermentation [J]. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 1998, 41(4): 379-390. doi: 10.1590/S1516-89131998000400001 [36] PANDEY A, SOCCOL C R, MITCHELL D. New developments in solid state fermentation: I-bioprocesses and products [J]. Process Biochemistry, 2000, 35(10): 1153-1169. doi: 10.1016/S0032-9592(00)00152-7 [37] PANDEY A, SOCCOL C. Economic utilization of crop residues for value addition: A futuristic approach [J]. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 2000, 59(1): 12-22. [38] HAN Y W, GALLAGHER D J, WILFRED A G. Phytase production by Aspergillus ficuum on semisolid substrate [J]. Journal of Industrial Microbiology, 1987, 2(4): 195-200. doi: 10.1007/BF01569540 [39] PAPAGIANNI M, NOKES S E, FILER K. Production of phytase by Aspergillus niger in submerged and solid-state fermentation [J]. Process Biochemistry, 1999, 35(3/4): 397-402. [40] SAJIDAN A, FAROUK A, GREINER R, et al. Molecular and physiological characterisation of a 3-phytase from soil bacterium Klebsiella sp. ASR1 [J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2004, 65(1): 110-118. [41] SREERAMULU G, SRINIVASA D S, NAND K, et al. Lactobacillus amylovorus as a phytase producer in submerged culture [J]. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 1996, 23(6): 385-388. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.1996.tb01342.x [42] YANKE L J, BAE H D, SELINGER L B, et al. Phytase activity of anaerobic ruminal bacteria[J]. Microbiology , 1998, 144 ( 6): 1565-1573. [43] LAN G Q, ABDULLAH N, JALALUDIN S, et al. Culture conditions influencing phytase production of Mitsuokella jalaludinii, a new bacterial species from the rumen of cattle [J]. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2002, 93(4): 668-674. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01727.x [44] HERTER T, BEREZINA O V, ZININ N V, et al. Glucose-1-phosphatase (AgpE) from Enterobacter cloacae displays enhanced phytase activity [J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2006, 70(1): 60-64. doi: 10.1007/s00253-005-0024-8 [45] YOON S J, CHOI Y J, MIN H K, et al. Isolation and identification of phytase-producing bacterium, Enterobacter sp. 4, and enzymatic properties of phytase enzyme [J]. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 1996, 18(6): 449-454. doi: 10.1016/0141-0229(95)00131-X [46] TAMBE S M, KAKLIJ G S, KELKAR S M, et al. Two distinct molecular forms of phytase from Klebsiella aerogenes: Evidence for unusually small active enzyme peptide [J]. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering, 1994, 77(1): 23-27. doi: 10.1016/0922-338X(94)90202-X [47] WANG X Y, UPATHAM S, PANBANGRED W, et al. Purification, characterization, gene cloning and sequence analysis of a phytase from Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae XY-5 [J]. ScienceAsia, 2004, 30: 383-390. doi: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2004.30.383 [48] GREINER R, HALLER E, KONIETZNY U, et al. Purification and characterization of a phytase from Klebsiella terrigena [J]. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 1997, 341(2): 201-206. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1997.9942 [49] JAREONKITMONGKOL S, OHYA M, WATANABE R, et al. Partial purification of phytase from a soil isolate bacterium, Klebsiella oxytoca MO-3 [J]. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering, 1997, 83(4): 393-394. doi: 10.1016/S0922-338X(97)80149-3 [50] ZININ N V, SERKINA A V, GELFAND M S, et al. Gene cloning, expression and characterization of novel phytase from Obesumbacterium proteus [J]. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 2004, 236(2): 283-290. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09659.x [51] GREINER R. Purification and properties of a phytate-degrading enzyme from Pantoea agglomerans [J]. The Protein Journal, 2004, 23(8): 567-576. doi: 10.1007/s10930-004-7883-1 [52] VASHISHTH A, RAM S, BENIWAL V. Cereal phytases and their importance in improvement of micronutrients bioavailability [J]. 3 Biotech, 2017, 7(1): 42. doi: 10.1007/s13205-017-0698-5 [53] CHO J, LEE C, KANG S, et al. Molecular cloning of a phytase gene (phy M) from Pseudomonas syringae MOK1 [J]. Current Microbiology, 2005, 51(1): 11-15. doi: 10.1007/s00284-005-4482-0 [54] IN M J, JANG E S, KIM Y, et al. Purification and properties of an extracellular acid phytase from Pseudomonas fragi Y9451 [J]. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2004, 14(5): 1004-1008. [55] HUANG H Q, LUO H Y, YANG P L, et al. A novel phytase with preferable characteristics from Yersinia intermedia [J]. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2006, 350(4): 884-889. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.09.118 [56] GEORGE T S, SIMPSON R J, GREGORY P J, et al. Differential interaction of Aspergillus niger and Peniophora lycii phytases with soil particles affects the hydrolysis of inositol phosphates [J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2007, 39(3): 793-803. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.09.029 [57] SHIEH T R, WARE J H. Survey of microorganism for the production of extracellular phytase [J]. Applied Microbiology, 1968, 16(9): 1348-1351. doi: 10.1128/am.16.9.1348-1351.1968 [58] VATS P, BANERJEE U C. Biochemical characterisation of extracellular phytase (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate phosphohydrolase) from a hyper-producing strain of Aspergillus niger van Teighem [J]. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2005, 32(4): 141-147. doi: 10.1007/s10295-005-0214-5 [59] HA N C, KIM Y O, OH T K, et al. Preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of a novel phytase from a strain [J]. Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, 1999, 55(3): 691-693. doi: 10.1107/S0907444998015285 [60] TYE A, SIU F, LEUNG T, et al. Molecular cloning and the biochemical characterization of two novel phytases from B. subtilis168 and B. licheniformis [J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2002, 59(2/3): 190-197. [61] KEROVUO J, LAURAEUS M, NURMINEN P, et al. Isolation, characterization, molecular gene cloning, and sequencing of a novel phytase from Bacillus subtilis [J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1998, 64(6): 2079-2085. doi: 10.1128/AEM.64.6.2079-2085.1998 [62] KIM Y O, LEE J K, KIM H K, et al. Cloning of the thermostable phytase gene (phy) from Bacillus sp. DS11 and its overexpression in Escherichia coli [J]. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 1998, 162(1): 185-191. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb12997.x [63] KIM H W, KIM Y O, LEE J H, et al. Isolation and characterization of a phytase with improved properties from Citrobacter braakii [J]. Biotechnology Letters, 2003, 25(15): 1231-1234. doi: 10.1023/A:1025020309596 [64] PAYNTER M J, ELSDEN S R. Mechanism of propionate formation by Selenomonas ruminantium, a rumen micro-organism [J]. Journal of General Microbiology, 1970, 61(1): 1-7. doi: 10.1099/00221287-61-1-1 [65] IRVING G, COSGROVE D J. Inositol phosphate phosphatases of microbiological origin. some properties of a partially purified bacterial (Pseudomonas sp. ) phytase [J]. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, 1971, 24(3): 547. doi: 10.1071/BI9710547 [66] LI R J, LU W J, GUO C J, et al. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of OsPHY1, a purple acid phosphatase (PAP)-type phytase gene in rice (Oryza sativa L. ) [J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2012, 11(8): 1217-1226. doi: 10.1016/S2095-3119(12)60118-X [67] IDRISS E E, MAKAREWICZ O, FAROUK A, et al. Extracellular phytase activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB45 contributes to its plant-growth-promoting effect[J]. Microbiology , 2002, 148(7): 2097-2109. [68] POWAR V K, JAGANNATHAN V. Purification and properties of phytate-specific phosphatase from Bacillus subtilis [J]. Journal of Bacteriology, 1982, 151(3): 1102-1108. doi: 10.1128/jb.151.3.1102-1108.1982 [69] KUMAR V, SANGWAN P, VERMA A K, et al. Molecular and biochemical characteristics of recombinant β-propeller phytase from Bacillus licheniformis strain PB-13 with potential application in aquafeed [J]. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2014, 173(2): 646-659. doi: 10.1007/s12010-014-0871-9 [70] CHOI Y M, SUH H J, KIM J M. Purification and properties of extracellular phytase from Bacillus sp. KHU-10 [J]. Journal of Protein Chemistry, 2001, 20(4): 287-292. doi: 10.1023/A:1010945416862 [71] GREINER R, KONIETZNY U, JANY K D. Purification and characterization of two phytases from Escherichia coli [J]. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 1993, 303(1): 107-113. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1993.1261 [72] GREINER R, CARLSSON N G. Myo-Inositol phosphate isomers generated by the action of a phytate-degrading enzyme from Klebsiella terrigena on phytate [J]. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 2006, 52(8): 759-768. doi: 10.1139/w06-028 [73] GREINER R. Degradation of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate by a phytate-degrading enzyme from Pantoea agglomerans [J]. The Protein Journal, 2004, 23(8): 577-585. doi: 10.1007/s10930-004-7884-0 [74] GREINER R, FAROUK A, ALMINGER M L, et al. The pathway of dephosphorylation of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate by phytate-degrading enzymes of different Bacillus spp. [J]. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 2002, 48(11): 986-994. doi: 10.1139/w02-097 [75] PALACIOS M C, HAROS M, ROSELL C M, et al. Characterization of an acid phosphatase from Lactobacillus pentosus: Regulation and biochemical properties [J]. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2005, 98(1): 229-237. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02447.x [76] ZAMUDIO M, GONZÁLEZ A, MEDINA J A. Lactobacillus plantarum phytase activity is due to non-specific acid phosphatase [J]. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 2001, 32(3): 181-184. doi: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2001.00890.x [77] YANKE L J, SELINGER L B, CHENG K J. Phytase activity of Selenomonas ruminantium: A preliminary characterization [J]. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 1999, 29(1): 20-25. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00568.x [78] SHAH V, PAREKH L J. Phytase from Klebsiella sp. No. PG–2: Purification and properties [J]. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 1990, 27(2): 98-102. [79] LASSEN S F, BREINHOLT J, ØSTERGAARD P R, et al. Expression, gene cloning, and characterization of five novel phytases from four basidiomycete fungi: Peniophora lycii,Agrocybe pediades, a Ceriporia sp., and Trametes pubescens [J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2001, 67(10): 4701-4707. doi: 10.1128/AEM.67.10.4701-4707.2001 [80] SHANKS R M Q, DASHIFF A, ALSTER J S, et al. Isolation and identification of a bacteriocin with antibacterial and antibiofilm activity from Citrobacter freundii [J]. Archives of Microbiology, 2012, 194(7): 575-587. doi: 10.1007/s00203-012-0793-2 [81] LI C, LIN Y, ZHENG X Y, et al. Combined strategies for improving expression of Citrobacter amalonaticus phytase in Pichia pastoris [J]. BMC Biotechnology, 2015, 15: 88. doi: 10.1186/s12896-015-0204-2 [82] BERKA R M, REY M W, BROWN K M, et al. Molecular characterization and expression of a phytase gene from the thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus [J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1998, 64(11): 4423-4427. doi: 10.1128/AEM.64.11.4423-4427.1998 [83] WYSS M, PASAMONTES L, FRIEDLEIN A, et al. Biophysical characterization of fungal phytases (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate phosphohydrolases): Molecular size, glycosylation pattern, and engineering of proteolytic resistance [J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1999, 65(2): 359-366. doi: 10.1128/AEM.65.2.359-366.1999 [84] FU S J, SUN J Y, QIAN L C, et al. Bacillus phytases: Present scenario and future perspectives [J]. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2008, 151(1): 1-8. doi: 10.1007/s12010-008-8158-7 [85] GU W N, HUANG H Q, MENG K, et al. Gene cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel phytase from Dickeya paradisiaca [J]. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2009, 157(2): 113-123. doi: 10.1007/s12010-008-8329-6 [86] de ANGELIS M, GALLO G, CORBO M R, et al. Phytase activity in sourdough lactic acid bacteria: Purification and characterization of a phytase from Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis CB1 [J]. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2003, 87(3): 259-270. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00072-2 [87] AL-ASHEH S, DUVNJAK Z. Characteristics of phytase produced by Aspergillus carbonarius NRC 401121 in canola meal [J]. Acta Biotechnologica, 1994, 14(3): 223-233. doi: 10.1002/abio.370140302 [88] XIANG T, LIU Q, DEACON A M, et al. Crystal structure of a heat-resilient phytase from Aspergillus fumigatus, carrying a phosphorylated histidine [J]. Journal of Molecular Biology, 2004, 339(2): 437-445. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.03.057 [89] RIBEIRO CORRÊA T L, de QUEIROZ M V, de ARAÚJO E F. Cloning, recombinant expression and characterization of a new phytase from Penicillium chrysogenum [J]. Microbiological Research, 2015, 170: 205-212. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.06.005 [90] TSENG Y H, FANG T J, TSENG S M. Isolation and characterization of a novel phytase from Penicillium simplicissimum [J]. Folia Microbiologica, 2000, 45(2): 121-127. doi: 10.1007/BF02817409 [91] LEE J, CHOI Y, LEE P C, et al. Recombinant production of Penicillium oxalicum PJ3 phytase in Pichia pastoris [J]. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2007, 23(3): 443-446. doi: 10.1007/s11274-006-9236-z [92] QUAN C S, TIAN W J, FAN S D, et al. Purification and properties of a low-molecular-weight phytase from Cladosporium sp. FP-1 [J]. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 2004, 97(4): 260-266. doi: 10.1016/S1389-1723(04)70201-7 [93] RAMACHANDRAN S, ROOPESH K, NAMPOOTHIRI K M, et al. Mixed substrate fermentation for the production of phytase byRhizopus spp. using oilcakes as substrates [J]. Process Biochemistry, 2005, 40(5): 1749-1754. doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2004.06.040 [94] JIN U H, CHUN J A, LEE J W, et al. Expression and characterization of extracellular fungal phytase in transformed sesame hairy root cultures [J]. Protein Expression and Purification, 2004, 37(2): 486-492. doi: 10.1016/j.pep.2004.06.020 [95] BOYCE A, WALSH G. Purification and characterisation of an acid phosphatase with phytase activity from Mucor hiemalis Wehmer [J]. Journal of Biotechnology, 2007, 132(1): 82-87. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.08.028 [96] SINGH B, SATYANARAYANA T. Improved phytase production by a thermophilic mould Sporotrichum thermophile in submerged fermentation due to statistical optimization [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2008, 99(4): 824-830. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.01.007 [97] SHIMIZU M. Purification and characterization of phytase and acid phosphatase produced by Aspergillus oryzae K1 [J]. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 1993, 57(8): 1364-1365. doi: 10.1271/bbb.57.1364 [98] QUAN C S, FAN S D, ZHANG L H, et al. Purification and properties of a phytase from Candida krusei WZ-001 [J]. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 2002, 94(5): 419-425. [99] HAN Y M, LEI X G. Role of glycosylation in the functional expression of an Aspergillus niger Phytase (phyA) in Pichia pastoris [J]. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 1999, 364(1): 83-90. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1115 [100] HELLSTRÖM A M, VÁZQUES-JUÁREZ R, SVANBERG U, et al. Biodiversity and phytase capacity of yeasts isolated from Tanzanian togwa [J]. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2010, 136(3): 352-358. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.10.011 [101] HARALDSSON A K, VEIDE J, ANDLID T, et al. Degradation of phytate by high-phytase Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains during simulated gastrointestinal digestion [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2005, 53(13): 5438-5444. doi: 10.1021/jf0478399 [102] SEGUEILHA L, LAMBRECHTS C, BOZE H, et al. Purification and properties of the phytase from Schwanniomyces castellii [J]. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering, 1992, 74(1): 7-11. doi: 10.1016/0922-338X(92)90259-W [103] LIM B L, YEUNG P, CHENG C W, et al. Distribution and diversity of phytate-mineralizing bacteria [J]. The ISME Journal, 2007, 1(4): 321-330. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2007.40 [104] ROCKY-SALIMI K, HASHEMI M, SAFARI M, et al. A novel phytase characterized by thermostability and high pH tolerance from rice phyllosphere isolated Bacillus subtilis B. S. 46 [J]. Journal of Advanced Research, 2016, 7(3): 381-390. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2016.02.003 [105] MUKHAMETZIANOVA A D, AKHMETOVA A I, SHARIPOVA M R. Microorganisms as phytase producers [J]. Mikrobiologiia, 2012, 81(3): 291-300. [106] YAO M Z, ZHANG Y H, LU W L, et al. Phytases: crystal structures, protein engineering and potential biotechnological applications [J]. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2012, 112(1): 1-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05181.x [107] BALWANI I, CHAKRAVARTY K, GAUR S. Role of phytase producing microorganisms towards agricultural sustainability [J]. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 2017, 12: 23-29. doi: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.08.010 [108] CHEN C R, CONDRON L M, DAVIS M R, et al. Phosphorus dynamics in the rhizosphere of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ) and radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don. ) [J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2002, 34(4): 487-499. doi: 10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00207-3 [109] BÜNEMANN E K. Enzyme additions as a tool to assess the potential bioavailability of organically bound nutrients [J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2008, 40(9): 2116-2129. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.03.001 [110] TARAFDAR J C, YADAV R S, MEENA S C. Comparative efficiency of acid phosphatase originated from plant and fungal sources [J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 2001, 164(3): 279-282. doi: 10.1002/1522-2624(200106)164:3<279::AID-JPLN279>3.0.CO;2-L [111] JORQUERA M A, CROWLEY D E, MARSCHNER P, et al. Identification of β-propeller phytase-encoding genes in culturable Paenibacillus and Bacillus spp. from the rhizosphere of pasture plants on volcanic soils [J]. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2011, 75(1): 163-172. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00995.x [112] BOHN L, MEYER A S, RASMUSSEN S K. Phytate: impact on environment and human nutrition. A challenge for molecular breeding [J]. Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B, 2008, 9(3): 165-191. doi: 10.1631/jzus.B0710640 [113] QUIQUAMPOIX H, BURNS R G. Interactions between proteins and soil mineral surfaces: Environmental and health consequences [J]. Elements, 2007, 3(6): 401-406. doi: 10.2113/GSELEMENTS.3.6.401 [114] WALLENSTEIN M, ALLISON S D, ERNAKOVICH J, et al. Controls on the temperature sensitivity of soil enzymes: A key driver of in situ enzyme activity rates [J].Soil Enzymology, 2011: 245–258. [115] FAROUK A E A, GREINER R, HUSSIN A S M. Purification and properties of a phytate-degrading enzyme produced by Enterobacter sakazakii ASUIA279 [J]. Journal of Biotechnology and Biodiversity, 2012, 3(1): 1-9. [116] ESCOBIN-MOPERA L, OHTANI M, SEKIGUCHI S, et al. Purification and characterization of phytase from Klebsiella pneumoniae 9-3B [J]. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 2012, 113(5): 562-567. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.12.010 [117] SREEDEVI S, REDDY B N. Purification and biochemical characterization of phytase from newly isolated Bacillus subtilis C43 [J]. Advanced Biotechnology, 2013, 12(8): 52-60. [118] KONIETZNY U, GREINER R. Molecular and catalytic properties of phytate-degrading enzymes (phytases) [J]. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2002, 37(7): 791-812. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2621.2002.00617.x [119] EL-TOUKHY N M K, YOUSSEF A S, MIKHAIL M. Isolation, purification and characterization of phytase from Bacillus subtilis MJA [J]. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2013, 12: 2957-2967. [120] WYSS M, BRUGGER R, KRONENBERGER A, et al. Biochemical characterization of fungal phytases (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate phosphohydrolases): Catalytic properties [J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1999, 65(2): 367-373. doi: 10.1128/AEM.65.2.367-373.1999 [121] MARLIDA Y, DELFITA R, ADNADI P, et al. Isolation, characterization and production of phytase from endophytic fungus its application for feed [J]. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 2010, 9(5): 471-474. doi: 10.3923/pjn.2010.471.474 [122] CRAINE J M, FIERER N, MCLAUCHLAN K K. Widespread coupling between the rate and temperature sensitivity of organic matter decay [J]. Nature Geoscience, 2010, 3(12): 854-857. doi: 10.1038/ngeo1009 [123] KOCH O, TSCHERKO D, KANDELER E. Temperature sensitivity of microbial respiration, nitrogen mineralization, and potential soil enzyme activities in organic alpine soils [J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2007, 21(4): 1-11. [124] WALLENSTEIN M D, MCMAHON S K, SCHIMEL J P. Seasonal variation in enzyme activities and temperature sensitivities in Arctic tundra soils [J]. Global Change Biology, 2009, 15(7): 1631-1639. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01819.x [125] LONHIENNE T, GERDAY C, FELLER G. Psychrophilic enzymes: Revisiting the thermodynamic parameters of activation may explain local flexibility [J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology, 2000, 1543(1): 1-10. doi: 10.1016/S0167-4838(00)00210-7 [126] FELLER G. Molecular adaptations to cold in psychrophilic enzymes [J]. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences:CMLS, 2003, 60(4): 648-662. doi: 10.1007/s00018-003-2155-3 [127] JOHNSON S C, YANG M M, MURTHY P P N. Heterologous expression and functional characterization of a plant alkaline phytase in Pichia pastoris [J]. Protein Expression and Purification, 2010, 74(2): 196-203. doi: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.07.003 [128] KONIETZNY U, GREINER R. Bacterial phytase: Potential application, in vivo function and regulation of its synthesis [J]. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 2004, 35(1/2): 12-18. [129] GEORGE T S, RICHARDSON A E, SIMPSON R J. Behaviour of plant-derived extracellular phytase upon addition to soil [J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2005, 37(5): 977-988. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.10.016 [130] BOGAR B, SZAKACS G, LINDEN J C, et al. Optimization of phytase production by solid substrate fermentation [J]. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2003, 30(3): 183-189. doi: 10.1007/s10295-003-0027-3 [131] TANG J, LEUNG A, LEUNG C, et al. Hydrolysis of precipitated phytate by three distinct families of phytases [J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2006, 38(6): 1316-1324. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.08.021 [132] ADAMS M A, PATE J S. Availability of organic and inorganic forms of phosphorus to lupins (Lupinus spp. ) [J]. Plant and Soil, 1992, 145(1): 107-113. doi: 10.1007/BF00009546 [133] RAO M A, VIOLANTE A, GIANFREDA L. Interaction of acid phosphatase with clays, organic molecules and organo-mineral complexes: Kinetics and stability [J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2000, 32(7): 1007-1014. doi: 10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00010-9