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人工湿地技术是一项通过模拟或强化生态系统的结构和功能,利用植物 、微生物及动物等的共同作用进行水污染治理和生态修复的水质净化工程技术,已被广泛应用于地表水的保护以及多种污废水,如生活污水、农业废水、工业废水、酸性矿山排水、城市和公路径流的脱氮处理[1-3]。其中,垂直流人工湿地,由于具有较好的有机物和氨氮去除能力[4-7],并具有占地面积小的优势,在实际工程中常用于处理含氮量较高的污水[8-9]。目前国家对于农村生活污水的排放标准主要考察COD、氨氮和总氮等指标,没有对硝态氮作出明确要求,所以在使用传统非饱和垂直流人工湿地时也是主要考虑强化其对氨氮的硝化能力,忽略了对其反硝化能力的提升,从而导致其反硝能力普遍较弱[10-13]。
微生物的硝化和反硝化作用是人工湿地脱氮的主要途径,但二者对氧的需求不同[14]。一般来说,参与硝化过程的功能微生物对氧的需求较高,大多数为好氧或兼性好氧微生物,而参与反硝化过程的功能微生物多数为兼性厌氧微生物。因此,当水中溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)<1~2 mg·L−1时硝化作用会减小, DO>0.2 mg·L−1 反硝化作用受到抑制[15-16]。大多数传统垂直流人工湿地系统在运行过程中是处于水不饱和状态,大气复氧能力强,有利于硝化作用进行但不利于反硝化作用进行。因此,为了弥补传统垂直流人工湿地反硝化能力差的问题,本研究对传统垂直流人工湿地系统进行了结构改造,将系统构建成分内、外两层的多氧态垂直流人工湿地,采用内层底部连续进水,在内层形成水上行的饱和状态和厌氧环境,促进生活污水中的高浓度有机化合物进行厌氧降解,使污水中有机氮通过氨化反应转化为氨氮[17]。同时,在外层形成水下行的部分饱和状态,使系统(尤其是系统外层)中DO的分布呈持续的动态变化状态(多氧态),为硝化和反硝化过程的进行提供适宜的DO环境,在系统外层上部的非饱和区利用硝化反应将氨氮转化为硝态氮,在系统外层下部的饱和区利用反硝化反应将硝态氮转化为氮气,从而实现在同一湿地系统中将污水中的有机氮经氨化降解、再硝化、反硝化彻底去除的目的。此外,本研究对该湿地系统在不同水饱和比、不同水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)条件下的污染物去除效率、基质中微生物群落结构的演变规律以及氮循环功能基因的分布特征进行了分析和比较,可为多氧态垂直流人工湿地系统的推广和应用提供参考。
多氧态垂直流人工湿地系统的构建及其污染物去除特性
Construction of vertical flow constructed wetland system with multi-aerobic and anerobic zones and its removal characteristics on pollutant
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摘要: 针对传统垂直流人工湿地因缺少厌氧及缺氧环境,反硝化能力较弱的问题,本研究对传统垂直流人工湿地系统进行了结构改造,构建为分内、外两层的多氧态垂直流人工湿地,在不降低其原有硝化能力的同时,通过增加系统的厌氧及缺氧体积,提升其反硝化能力。对该湿地系统在不同水饱和比、不同HRT条件下的污染物去除效率、基质中微生物群落结构演变规律以及氮循环功能基因的分布特征等进行的研究表明:当外层水饱和比为1:2,HRT为24 h时,多氧态垂直流湿地系统对NH4+-N和COD的净化效果最好;系统氮循环功能微生物的数量在外层中的分布高于内层,且对系统的硝化和反硝化功能均有促进作用,可提升系统总的氮去除效率。以上研究结果可以为多氧态垂直流人工湿地系统的推广和应用提供参考。
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关键词:
- 多氧态垂直流人工湿地 /
- 水饱和比 /
- 去除效率 /
- 功能菌 /
- 功能基因
Abstract: Aiming at the problem that the traditional vertical flow constructed wetland has weak nitrogen removal ability due to the lack of anaerobic and anoxic environment, in this study, the structure of the traditional vertical flow constructed wetland system was reconstructed, and a vertical flow constructed wetland system with inner and outer double-layer construction and multi-aerobic and anerobic zones was built. The denitrification ability of this wetland system was strengthened by increasing its anaerobic and anoxic volume, and its original nitrification capacity did not change. At different water saturation ratio and hydraulic residence time, the pollutant removal efficiency, matrix microbial community structure and the distribution characteristics of nitrogen cycling functional genes in the matrix of wetland system the evolution were studied. The results showed that the best removal rates of NH4+-N and COD occurred when the water saturation ratio of the outer layer was 1:2 and the hydraulic residence time was 24 h; the abundance of nitrogen cycling functional microorganisms in the outer layer of the system was higher than that in the inner layer, which could promote both nitrification and denitrification functions of the system and raise the nitrogen removal rate of the system. The results of this study can provide a reference and basis for the popularization and application of vertical flow constructed wetland system with multi-aerobic and anerobic zones. -
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