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城市卫生填埋场中生活垃圾在卫生填埋过程中,经微生物分解、发酵等反应,产生大量有毒有害的垃圾渗滤液,对填埋场周边生态环境系统构成严重危险[1]。垃圾渗滤液的处置流程通常采用“厌氧-缺氧-好氧”组合生物工艺脱氮并降解有机污染物,但要使垃圾渗滤液达标排放,需进一步结合深度处理工艺。在垃圾渗滤液深度处置工艺中,纳滤技术因其优异的污染物去除效果而备受关注,MAGALHAES等[2]通过纳滤膜能够实现90%以上的COD去除率。但纳滤深度处理工艺会产生处理体积约15%~30%的纳滤浓缩液[3]。相较于垃圾渗滤液,垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液中因含有更高浓度的有机难降解污染物、药物污染物、无机盐等[4],使得生化系统难以对其进一步处置,因此,亟需一种垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液生化预处理工艺以提高其可生化性。
垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液常规处理方法有回灌法、蒸发法和高级氧化法[5]。回灌法直接将浓缩液回流至垃圾填埋场填埋层,具有运行简便,处理成本低的优势,但长期回灌会造成填埋场渗滤液水质严重恶化并影响填埋层稳定性[6]。蒸发法通过加热蒸发的方式,可快速处置垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液,但该方法对处置设备的抗腐蚀要求很高[7]。高级氧化法(advanced oxidation processes, AOPs)主要利用强氧化性的活性自由基(羟基自由基(·OH)、氯自由基、超氧自由基等[8])能高效分解、矿化难降解有机污染物,以提高垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液的可生化性,但AOPs也存在药剂消耗量大和运行成本高等问题[9]。臭氧(O3)氧化法是AOPs中广泛应用于污水处理的一种工艺,O3在水体中可形成O3分子、单线态氧和·OH等一系列强氧化自由基[10]。其中O3分子和单线态氧具有选择氧化性,可选择性降解含有不饱和键的物质[11-12],而·OH则可对绝大多数污染物均有较好的去除效果[13]。ZHAO等[14]通过O3预处理渗滤液纳滤浓缩液,COD去除率可达到25%左右,挥发性脂肪酸质量浓度从18.14 mg·L−1提高至101.70 mg·L−1,其中大分子有机污染物可高效转化为可降解小分子有机物,渗滤液纳滤浓缩液的可生化性得到显著提高。HE等[15]构建的γ-Al2O3/O3体系处理垃圾渗滤液浓缩液,在γ-Al2O3投加量为50 g·L−1,O3投加量为22 mg·min−1,初始pH为7.3,反应温度为30 ℃,处理时间为30 min的最佳条件下,COD去除率可达70%,(BOD5/COD)B/C可从0.01提高到0.2。尽管目前O3氧化在催化剂领域的研究取得了良好进展,但O3催化剂在长期运行中的存在严重的失活问题极大限制其实际应用。HE等[16]在O3催化氧化处理实际废水中发现在O3氧化工艺稳定运行12个月后,O3催化剂的催化处理COD效率由56%回落至14.5%。此外,O3在水中较低的溶解度和传质系数导致其利用率低,也阻碍基于O3的AOPs工艺用于垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液的处理。因此,采用新的O3氧化技术应用于垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液的高效处理已成为未来的着重研究的方向。
臭氧微纳米气泡技术(O3/micro-nanobubbles, O3/MNBs)是将微纳米气泡技术与O3氧化技术高效结合的一种工艺。微纳米气泡技术常采用水力空化,通过改变流体水力条件造成局部压力减小而引发空化效应,产生的微纳米气泡尺寸一般为0.2~50 μm,能够在水中停留数小时[17]。这使得O3可以更有加效的溶于水中,改善了O3溶解度低和传质系数低的问题,提高O3利用率[18]。此外,微纳米气泡较小的直径会导致气泡内部产生较高的压力,进一步加大了O3的溶解度[18]。ZHENG等[19]采用O3/MNBs和常规O3法处理晴纶废水,相同条件下,O3/MNBs可实现42%的COD去除率,B/C从0.04提升到0.13,而常规O3法的COD去除率仅有17%,B/C从0.04提升到0.08。当前O3/MNBs在有机污染物降解方面取得了一定的成果,但该技术的应用仍多停留于模拟废水,在实际废水中的应用鲜有报道。
鉴于此,本研究将采用絮凝-O3/MNBs耦合工艺高效处理垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液,探究耦合工艺中絮凝阶段的絮凝剂投加量、絮凝时间、絮凝转速以及O3/MNBs工艺的进气量、反应时间、反应温度等工艺参数对垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液中污染物去除及可生化性的影响。并深入考察了絮凝-O3/MNBs耦合工艺对双酚A(Bisphenol A, BPA)、磺胺嘧啶(Sulfadiazine, SDZ)、磺胺甲恶唑(Sulfamethoxazole, SMX)和萘普生(Naproxen, NPX)等典型药物物质的去除效能。本研究为絮凝-O3/MNBs耦合在垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液预处理工艺的实际工程运用中提供科学的技术支持。
絮凝-O3/MNBs耦合工艺高效处理垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液
Efficient treatment of nanofiltration concentrate of landfill leachate through the coupling process of flocculation-O3/MNBs
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摘要: 针对垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液可生化性极低而无法进行生物处置的问题,本研究采用絮凝-臭氧微纳米气泡(O3/micro-nanobubbles,O3/MNBs)耦合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液以期提高其可生化性。通过改变絮凝工艺的絮凝时间,聚合硫酸铁投加量,絮凝转速以及O3/MNBs工艺的臭氧进气量,初始pH,温度等参数来探究絮凝-O3/MNBs耦合工艺最佳工艺参数。结果表明,在絮凝时间为40 min,聚合硫酸铁投加量为10 g·L−1,絮凝转速为300 r·min−1的最佳絮凝工艺参数下,垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液的色度、腐殖质及COD去除率分别为79.8%、59.2%和73.3%,B/C从0.09增至0.22,生物毒性由92.4%(高毒)降至50.6%(重毒)。垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液絮凝工艺的出水进一步采用O3/MNBs工艺处理,在臭氧进气量为400 mL·min−1,初始pH=11,反应温度为30 ℃的最佳工艺参数下,絮凝出水的色度、腐殖质及COD去除率分别达到100.0%、80.8%和38.9%,B/C由0.22增至0.62,生物毒性由50.6%(重毒)降至20.3%(低毒)。结果表明,絮凝-O3/MNBs耦合工艺是提升垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液可生化性的有效方法。
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关键词:
- 垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液 /
- 絮凝 /
- 臭氧微纳米气泡 /
- 可生化性
Abstract: Aiming at the problem that nanofiltration concentrate of landfill leachate has the limited bioavailability for biological disposal. In this study, the flocculation-ozone/micro-nanobubbles (O3/MNBs) coupling process was employed to treat nanofiltration concentrate of landfill leachate and improve its bioavailability. The optimal process parameters for the flocculation-O3/MNBs coupling process were explored by adjusting the flocculation time, PFS dosage and flocculation rotation speed in the flocculation process, and O3 inlet volume, initial pH and temperature in the O3/MNBs process. The result showed that at the optimal flocculation process parameters: flocculation time of 40 min, PFS dosage of 10 g·L−1 and flocculation rotation speed of 300 r·min−1, the colorimetry, humus and COD removal rate of nanofiltration concentrate of landfill leachate were 79.8%, 59.2% and 73.3%, respectively, the B/C increased from 0.09 to 0.22, and the biotoxicity decreased from 92.4% (high toxicity) to 50.6% (heavy toxicity). The effluent of flocculation process treating nanofiltration concentrate of landfill leachate was further treated by O3/MNBs process. At the optimal process parameters: O3 inlet volume of 400 mL·min−1, initial pH=11 and reaction temperature of 30°C, the removal rates of chromaticity, humus, and COD of flocculation effluent reached 100.0%, 80.8%, and 38.9%, respectively, and the B/C increased from 0.22 to 0.62, and the biotoxicity was reduced from 50.6% (heavy toxicity) to 20.3% (low toxicity). The results indicated that the flocculation-O3/MNBs coupling process is an effective method to enhance the bioavailability of nanofiltration concentrate of landfill leachate. -
表 1 PPCPs污染物检测条件
Table 1. Detection conditions for PPCPs contaminants
污染物 流动相比例 流速/(mL·min−1) 检测波长/nm 温度/℃ 双酚A 甲醇∶超纯水=70∶30 1.0 225 30 萘普生 甲醇∶0.1%甲酸水=70∶30 1.0 254 30 磺胺嘧啶 甲醇∶0.1%甲酸水=35∶65 1.0 269 30 磺胺甲恶唑 甲醇∶0.1%甲酸水=35∶65 1.0 275 30 -
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