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近年来,医药活性物质(pharmaceutical active substance, PhACs)的使用及其迁移转化受到人们的广泛关注[1]。据统计,每年大约60%~80%的PhACs不被动物或人类吸收而释放到环境中[2],这些PhACs能够对水生生物以及人体健康造成潜在的危害,甚至还可能诱导基因突变[3]。卡马西平(carbamazepine, CBZ)与双氯芬酸(diclofenac, DCF)是PhACs的典型代表[4],CBZ是一种用于控制癫痫发作和各种心理治疗的常用药物,DCF则是一种常用的止痛药和非甾体类抗炎药;2种PhACs在水环境中检出频率较高,譬如污水厂出水中CBZ、DCF的质量浓度分别达到6.3 µg·L−1和2.1 µg·L−1 [5-6],其特殊的结构性质而不能被传统的污水处理技术有效去除。因此,研究高效的非生物降解技术可有效减轻PhACs对生态水体以及人类健康的危害。
光催化是解决能源危机和环境污染问题的一种先进的高级氧化技术[7],半导体光催化剂可将紫外线及可见光能量转化为化学能,通过产生光生空穴(h+)、电子(e−)和活性氧物种(ROS)来非选择性地降解污染物[8]。硫化铟锌(ZnIn2S4)是一种高效光催化剂[9],其合适的带隙(2.10~2.48 eV)可吸收太阳光来进行PhACs的氧化还原反应;然而,ZnIn2S4耐光性较差、光生电子和空穴的复合率较高,因此,将贵金属钯(Pd)掺杂可有效阻止光生电子-空穴的复合,从而提高其光催化活性。BO等[10]采用水热合成法制备Pd掺杂ZnIn2S4粉末型催化剂并研究其光降解水中阿特拉津,证实太阳光照射1 h后阿特拉津的降解率达到了90%;田野等[11]对Pd掺杂ZnIn2S4光催化剂的含量进行了优化,发现太阳光下0.1% Pd-ZnIn2S4在90 min内可将50 mL水中100 µg·L−1的CBZ完全降解。但是,目前光催化材料大多为粉末态,在降解水中污染物时光催化材料的回收是制约光催化技术实际应用的一大难题。因此,将光催化剂固定在载体上是实现其重复利用和光催化技术实际应用的关键前提。
浮石是一种多孔结构、耐腐蚀和可浮于水面的火山喷出岩[12],它的多孔和无定形性质创造了一个大的表面积和骨架结构,其平均孔隙率高达90%;而且,浮石表面末端存在羟基和氧桥,可作为金属或金属氧化物的吸附点,因此,被认为是光催化剂的优良载体。唐西梅等[13]采用胶粘法制备Pd-ZnIn2S4/浮石负载型催化剂,太阳光下降解阿特拉津,300 min时降解率为61%;结果表明,胶粘法容易使光催化剂产生团聚现象,且光催化剂与载体之间连接较弱,反应过程中光催化剂脱落率较大。聚乙烯醇(polyvinyl alcohol , PVA)是一种天然高分子有机聚合物,PVA基体的碳链上含有丰富的羟基,能够使其他材料通过氢键与其结合,从而促进功能高分子材料中分子链的修饰和交联[14];此外,PVA具有高透光性、水溶性、热稳定性和耐腐蚀性,成为光电应用的良好基体[15-16]。然而,以浮石为载体,选用PVA作为水基粘合剂,负载0.1% Pd-ZnIn2S4光催化降解PhACs的研究目前尚未见报道。
因此,本研究采用水热合成法制备0.1% Pd-ZnIn2S4粉末态光催化剂,使用高分子聚合材料PVA作为水基粘合剂,通过超声浸渍法制备0.1% Pd-ZnIn2S4-PVA-浮石负载型催化剂,考察该催化剂分别在碘镓灯、太阳光下光催化降解CBZ、DCF的活性,通过催化剂表征、自由基淬灭实验以及EPR测试分析等探究其光催化降解CBZ机理。论文研究将为负载型光催化剂制备及其应用于生态水体中痕量PhACs的消除治理提供技术支持。
Pd-ZnIn2S4-PVA-浮石负载型催化剂制备及其光催化降解水中PhACs性能
Preparation of Pd-ZnIn2S4-PVA-pumice supported catalyst and its performance on photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals in water
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摘要: 光催化是降解水体中痕量医药类物质卡马西平(CBZ)、双氯芬酸(DCF)等的有效技术,负载型光催化剂的开发可解决粉末催化剂不宜回收且易造成二次污染的问题。本研究采用水热合成-超声浸渍法制备浮石负载型催化剂,证实聚乙烯醇(PVA)粘合效果好于中性硅溶胶(ZS-30)、磷酸二氢铝(Al(H2PO4)3)和聚乙二醇400(PEG-400),超声振荡测得0.1% Pd-ZnIn2S4-PVA-浮石催化剂的脱落率为4%。在碘镓灯和太阳光照射下,1.5 g·L−1的0.1% Pd-ZnIn2S4-PVA-浮石催化剂对50 mL、初始质量浓度100 µg·L−1 CBZ的降解率为100%和88.8%,CBZ的光催化降解遵循伪一阶动力学。PVA与0.1% Pd-ZnIn2S4之间以氢键连接,并成功为负载型光催化剂引入了晶格缺陷,溶液中的CBZ和DCF被催化剂表面光照产生的·OH和O2·−自由基氧化降解。以上研究结果可为光催化技术净化水中痕量药物的实际应用提供参考。Abstract: Photocatalysis is an effective technology for the degradation of trace pharmaceuticals, such as carbamazepine (CBZ) and diclofenac (DCF), in aquatic environment. The development in supported photocatalyst can solve the problems of difficult recycling and easy to bring secondary pollution for powdery catalyst. In this study, a type of pumice supported catalyst was prepared by a hydrothermal synthesis and ultrasonic impregnation method, and the result confirmed that the adhesion of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was better than that of neutral silica sol (ZS-30), aluminium dihydrogen phosphate (Al(H2PO4)3) or polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400). An ultrasonic oscillating method determined the shedding rate of 0.1% Pd-ZnIn2S4-PVA-pumice catalyst was 4%. Under the irradiation of iodine gallium light or sunlight, 1.5 g·L−1 catalyst could result in 100% or 88.8% CBZ degradation efficiencies, respectively, with 50 mL reaction solution and CBZ initial concentration of 100 µg·L−1. The photocatalytic degradation of CBZ followed a pseudo first-order reaction kinetics. PVA connected with 0.1% Pd-ZnIn2S4 by hydrogen bond, and the crystal defects were successfully introduced onto the surface of the photocatalyst. CBZ and DCF in solution were oxidized by both ·OH and O2·− free radicals that produced on the catalyst surface under light irradiation. Above result can provide a reference for the real application of photocatalytic technology in the purification of aquatic environment that containing trace pharmaceuticals.
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Key words:
- supported catalyst /
- photocatalysis /
- PhACs /
- mechanism /
- characterization
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表 1 碘镓灯下不同比例0.1% Pd-ZnIn2S4-PVA:ZS-浮石催化剂光降解CBZ动力学参数
Table 1. Kinetic parameters of photocatalytic degradation of CBZ by 0.1% Pd-ZnIn2S4-PVA:ZS-pumice catalysts with different ratios under iodine gallium lamp
粘合剂 动力学方程 速率常数K/min−1 半衰期t1/2/min 相关系数R2 空白 y=0.002 29x+0.026 4 0.002 29 303 0.98 PVA y=0.011 30x+0.049 7 0.011 30 61.2 0.97 PVA:ZS(4:1) y=0.006 62x+0.001 7 0.006 62 105 0.97 PVA:ZS(2:1) y=0.004 95x-0.058 2 0.004 95 140 0.99 PVA:ZS(1:1) y=0.004 17x+0.061 5 0.004 17 166 0.99 -
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