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随着石油工业、机械加工、食品加工与餐饮业的不断发展,含油废水的排放量日益增大。不经处理的含油废水直接排放会对周边环境造成严重的危害。含油废水中的油可分为浮油、分散油、乳化油和溶解油4种[1]。其中乳化油因其油滴尺寸较小,油水二元体系稳定性强,难以通过重力、气浮等方式实现油水分离,是最难处理的一类含油废水[2]。目前,乳化油废水处理方法包括:膜分离法、吸附法、絮凝法等[3-5]。其中的电絮凝法具有除油能力强、操作简便、自动化程度高、无需添加化学药剂等优点,是一种高效、经济、环保的含油污水处理方法[6]。电絮凝法的缺点在于废水处理过程需要消耗大量电能,导致其水处理成本相对较高。
为了降低废水处理过程的电能消耗,降低废水处理成本。近些年来提出了一种利用工作溶液盐/浓差能驱动的逆电渗析(reverse electrodialysis,RED)技术来处理各种有机/无机废水的技术[7-12]。工作溶液盐/浓差能即可来自于自然界(海水/盐湖水与入海/入盐湖的河水之间的盐差),也可以来自盐/海水分离副产物(浓盐/海水与自然盐/海水之间的盐差),还可以通过废热转换(溶液热分离)获得[13]。
1954年PATTLE[14]首次提出利用自然界盐差能的RED发电技术以来,对该技术的研究逐渐深入,各国学者发表了大量有关RED技术的研究论文。RED电堆/反应器的结构和工作原理类似。他们都是由端板、阴/阳电极,交错布置的阴/阳离子交换膜(AEM/CEM)及隔垫所构成。当浓/稀盐溶液分别流经由膜隔垫所隔两电极会产生得失电子的氧化还原反应。电子通过外部电路从阳极流向阴极,从而在外电路中产生电流。发电用的RED电堆与水处理用的RED反应器不同之处在于:电极液在RED电堆内作可逆的闭式循环,而废水作为电极液流经RED反应器电极流道并因电极的氧化还原反应生成各种反应物来降解废水中的污染物。不同的电极材料和废水成分在RED反应器电极氧化还原反应过程中会生成不同的反应物。理论上而言,若RED反应器阳极选用铁或铝作为牺牲阳极时,RED反应器可以产生电絮凝效果来处理一些难以生化降解的有机或无机废水[15]。
但实际上,因在使用过程中牺牲阳极会被不断消耗而需要定期换新,导致需要不断拆装RED反应器造成使用不便。另外,在处理含油废水过程时电极表面易被油膜污染,减弱含油废水的处理效果。为此,本课题组提出了一种如图1所示的RED电堆与常规电絮凝器耦合的乳化油废水处理系统。该系统由工作溶液的盐差能驱动RED电堆发电,电絮凝器作为负载连接在电堆的外部电路中。由于盐差能驱动的RED电堆属于内生电源。在RED电堆结构参数确定的条件下,其输出电参数(电压与电流)与外部电路负载(电絮凝器)电阻有关。而电极材料、电极间隙、处理时间、阳极钝化、含油废水参数(初始pH、电导率和温度)等变化会影响电絮凝器电阻,进而影响其工作效率。因此,本研究采用单因素法,在RED电堆结构和操作参数不变的条件下,考察电絮凝器电极材料、电极间距、支撑电解质浓度、含油废水初始pH及温度对耦合系统的乳化油废水处理效果的影响。
逆电渗析电堆与电絮凝器耦合系统处理乳化油废水
Treatment of emulsified oil wastewater by the coupling system of reverse electrodialysis stack and electrocoagulation
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摘要: 通过对由逆电渗析(RED)技术与电絮凝(EC)技术结合构成由盐差能驱动的RED-EC耦合废水处理系统处理模拟乳化油废水的实验研究,探讨了电絮凝器电极材料、极板间距、支撑电解质浓度、废水初始pH及温度变化对乳化油废水除油率的影响。结果表明,与采用铝阳极材料相比,采用铁阳极材料的耦合废水处理系统具有更高的除油率。极板间距和含油废水参数(电导率、初始pH和温度)变化会对耦合废水处理系统的除油率产生影响。过大或过小的极板间距均对系统的除油率不利,在所研究的系统中,电絮凝器极板间距为1 cm时最佳。当废水的电导率很低时,系统的除油率也较低,适当增加支撑电解质可以迅速提高系统的除油率。中性或微碱性条件下系统的除油率较高。温度越高,系统的除油率也越高。在实验范围内,对总量为2 L、质量浓度为1 g·L−1模拟乳化油废水经60 min絮凝处理后,除油率可达98.39%。Abstract: Based on an experimental study using the RED-EC coupling system powered by SGE energy to treat simulated emulsified oil wastewater, the impacts of the electrode material, plate spacing, supporting electrolyte concentration, initial pH and temperature of the wastewater on the removal rate were investigated. The results show that the coupled wastewater treatment system using iron anode material had higher oil removal rate than the aluminum anode material. The oil removal rate of coupled wastewater treatment system was affected by the variations of plate spacing and oily wastewater parameters (conductivity, initial pH and temperature). Too large or too small plate spacing was bad for the oil removal rate of the system, in the studied system, the best plate spacing of the electrocoagulation was 1 cm.When the conductivity of wastewater was very low, the oil removal rate of the system was also low, and appropriate addition of supporting electrolytes could quickly increase the oil removal rate of the system. The oil removal rate was higher under neutral or slightly alkaline conditions. The higher the temperature, the higher the oil removal rate of the system. In the experimental range, the oil removal rate of 2 L simulated emulsified oil wastewater with a mass concentration of 1 g·L−1 could reach 98.39% after 60 min electrocoagulation treatment .
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Key words:
- reverse electrodialysis /
- eletrocoagulation /
- emulsified oil wastewater /
- removal rate
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