-
近年来,我国水产养殖业快速发展,随之带来的环境问题也日益凸显。剩余饵料、养殖对象排泄物等的排放导致尾水中氮磷普遍超标。同时,为了预防和控制疾病,大量的抗生素被广泛应用于水产养殖中[1]。养殖环境中抗生素污染问题已不容忽视,四环素类、喹诺酮类、磺胺类、氯霉素类[2-3]等在养殖尾水或养殖水域中广泛存在。残留在水中的抗生素不仅直接威胁鱼虾的生存,还会加剧环境中耐药菌和耐药基因问题[4]。目前,国家正在大力发展绿色健康养殖业,养殖尾水治理力度不断增加,研发绿色、高效、低成本的抗生素去除技术对于降低抗生素排放、缓解水环境污染具有非常重要的价值。
人工湿地具有处理成本低、操作简单、不会形成二次污染等特点被广泛应用于水产养殖尾水的处理,主要通过基质吸附、微生物降解和植物吸收等过程去除废水中的污染物[5]。然而已有研究表明,不同设计参数与系统结构,如流态、基质类型和组成结构、植物类型与组成结构、水力停留时间和水力负荷、pH和季节因素(如气温、光照等)等均会导致营养盐和抗生素的去除效率存在明显差异[6-7]。同时,抗生素的存在可能会影响人工湿地系统中营养盐的去除。但是,部分研究结果和结论尚不完全一致。有研究表明,废水中抗生素的存在会降低氮磷的去除效率[8]。另一些研究表明,抗生素的存在反而提高氨氮的去除率[9]。此外,也有研究表明,2 mg·L−1的土霉素不会影响人工湿地系统对氮、磷的去除[10]。抗生素的存在对人工湿地系统去除氮磷等营养盐的影响机制尚不清晰,相关研究有待深入探讨。
本研究以3套不同基质和植物条件的上行垂直潜流人工湿地小试系统为研究对象,探究不同季节、不同基质和是否种植耐盐植物海马齿(Sesuvium portulacastrum)情况下,上行垂直潜流人工湿地系统对养殖尾水中4种典型抗生素的去除效果及抗生素的存在是否影响人工湿地系统对营养盐的去除效率。本研究结果有望为进一步改进人工湿地系统设计参数,提高污染物去除效率,促进人工湿地在淡水和海水养殖尾水治理中的应用。
垂直潜流人工湿地对水产养殖尾水中抗生素和氮磷的去除及其影响因素
Analysis of influence factors on antibiotics and nutrients removal from aquaculture wastewater by vertical flow constructed wetlands
-
摘要: 针对养殖尾水中氮磷和抗生素污染问题,构建了3种不同条件的上行垂直潜流人工湿地小试系统,分析了养殖尾水中4种典型抗生素(氧氟沙星、磺胺甲恶唑、氟苯尼考和土霉素)的去除效率及其影响因素,探讨了抗生素对营养盐去除的潜在影响。结果表明:在春季和夏季,3种不同条件的上行垂直潜流人工湿地系统对氟苯尼考、土霉素、氧氟沙星和磺胺甲恶唑的去除率分别为25.61%~53.66%和15.10%~37.93%、94.82%~97.16%和93.96%~94.87%、93.53%~94.27%和85.17%~86.57%、10.48%~57.54%和29.84%~62.36%。添加生物炭可以显著提高湿地系统对磺胺甲恶唑和氟苯尼考的去除率,与CW1和CW2相比,CW3对磺胺甲恶唑的去除率平均分别提高了39.79%和33.92%;对氟苯尼考的去除率平均分别提高了25.45%和22.61%。在抗生素暴露条件下,春季,系统对总氮、总磷、氨氮和硝态氮平均去除率分别下降了11.69%、17.53%、10.04%和4.07%;夏季,总磷和氨氮的平均去除率分别下降了19.41%和5.53%,而总氮和硝态氮的平均去除率分别提高了11.67%和10.42%。以上研究结果可为进一步改进人工湿地系统设计参数,提高污染物去除效率提供参考依据。Abstract: Constructed wetlands (CWs) are widely used for removal of pollutants in aquaculture wastewater due to its advantages of efficient, economical and environment-friendly features. Aiming at the problems of antibiotics and nutrients pollution in aquaculture wastewater, three test-batch vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCW) with different substrates or plant conditions were constructed to investigate the factors affecting the removal of four typical antibiotics and nutrients from aquaculture wastewater, then the potential effect of antibiotics on the nutrient removal was further studied. The results showed that the removal rates of florfenicol, oxytetracycline, ofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole were 25.61%~53.66%, 94.82%~97.16%, 93.53%~94.27% and 10.48%~57.54% in spring, then 15.10%~37.93%, 93.96%~94.87%, 85.17%~86.57% and 29.84%~62.36% in summer, respectively. Addition of biochar as substrate could significantly increase the removal rates of sulfamethoxazole and florfenicol by VFCW. Compared with CW1 (VFCW with no biochar and plant) and CW2 (VFCW with no biochar), the average increase ratios of sulfamethoxazole removal rate by CW3 (VFCW with biochar and plant) were 39.79% and 33.92%, respectively; the average increase ratios of florfenicol were 25.45% and 22.61%, respectively. In spring, after 3 days- exposure to 4 antibiotics, the average removal rates of TN, TP, NH4+-N, and NO3--N in the system decreased by 11.69%, 17.53%, 10.04%, and 4.07%, respectively. In summer, the average removal rates of TP and NH4+-N in the system decreased by 19.41% and 5.53%, respectively, while the average removal rates of TN and NO3--N increased by 11.67% and 10.42%, respectively. This is expected to provide a reference for further improving the design parameters of constructed wetland system and increasing the removal efficiency of pollutants.
-
Key words:
- aquaculture wastewater /
- vertical flow constructed wetlands /
- antibiotic /
- nutrients
-
表 1 春季无抗生素和抗生素存在条件下进、出水水质状况
Table 1. Characteristics of inlet and outlet water before and after antibiotic exposure in spring
实验条件 系统 温度/ ℃ pH 电导率/(μs·cm−1) 溶解氧/(mg·L−1) 无抗生素 CW0 21.33±0.79 6.88±0.12 69.33±9.60 7.25±0.93 CW1 22.30±0.37 7.87±0.05 136.2±9.43 5.40±0.93 CW2 22.53±0.33 7.75±0.02 141.7±9.80 5.32±0.26 CW3 22.43±0.37 7.71±0.06 154.0±11.0 5.56±0.78 有抗生素 CW0 26.63±1.78 6.82±0.07 53.50±3.21 7.25±0.27 CW1 26.70±2.24 7.90±0.17 124.8±1.32 5.21±0.25 CW2 26.90±2.30 7.77±0.12 132.43±3.74 5.09±0.32 CW3 26.83±2.24 7.77±0.10 142.13±3.56 5.26±0.38 注:CW0为进水。 表 2 夏季无抗生素和抗生素存在条件下进、出水水质状况
Table 2. Characteristics of inlet and outlet water before and after antibiotic exposure in summer
实验条件 系统 温度/ ℃ pH 电导率/(μs·cm−1) 溶解氧/(mg·L−1) 无抗生素 CW0 29.63±0.85 6.89±0.10 57.93±0.37 6.28±0.34 CW1 29.40±0.65 7.84±0.10 129.47±5.20 1.44±0.01 CW2 29.57±0.74 7.69±0.10 140.83±7.24 1.15±0.07 CW3 29.70±0.86 7.64±0.10 151.33±8.01 1.28±0.04 有抗生素 CW0 29.33±0.86 6.29±0.06 83.37±11.64 6.60±0.61 CW1 28.60±1.23 7.52±0.10 142.47±7.90 1.27±0.08 CW2 28.87±1.35 7.46±0.07 149.30±7.68 1.36±0.20 CW3 28.80±1.31 7.38±0.08 162.43±2.80 1.54±0.12 注:CW0为进水。 表 3 春季和夏季3套系统进、出水中抗生素的质量浓度
Table 3. Antibiotics concentrations in the inlet and outlet water of three systems in spring and summer μg·L-1
季节 系统 氟苯尼考 土霉素 氧氟沙星 磺胺甲恶唑 春季 CW0 257.5±20.85 237.03±15.36 309.91±15.38 271.16±9.38 CW1 193.11±36.01 12.35±0.23 20.42±2.11 244.92±11.88 CW2 186.12±37.31 8.14±5.77 19.00±2.34 243.29±8.73 CW3 120.41±25.50 10.47±1.03 18.10±2.05 136.45±38.87 夏季 CW0 238.78±8.09 250.04±19.43 255.80±16.31 250.33±10.00 CW1 202.65±6.14 14.87±4.92 37.84±7.97 175.76±13.73 CW2 195.48±1.34 15.34±4.41 36.29±9.84 150.50±13.55 CW3 148.00±2.86 13.12±5.14 34.31±8.88 94.58±14.43 注:CW0为进水。 -
[1] CAO L, WANG W, YANG Y, et al. Environmental impact of aquaculture and countermeasures to aquaculture pollution in China[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research-International, 2007, 14(7): 452-62. doi: 10.1065/espr2007.05.426 [2] HAN Q F, ZHAO S, ZHANG X R, et al. Distribution, combined pollution and risk assessment of antibiotics in typical marine aquaculture farms surrounding the Yellow Sea, North China[J]. Environment International, 2020, 138: 105551. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105551 [3] CHEN C Q, ZHENG L, ZHOU J L, et al. Persistence and risk of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes in major mariculture sites in Southeast China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 580: 1175-1184. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.075 [4] YUAN L, WANG L, LI Z, et al. Antibiotic resistance and microbiota in the gut of Chinese four major freshwater carp from retail markets[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2019, 255: 113327. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113327 [5] 陈军. 生活污水中抗生素和耐药基因的人工湿地去除机制与系统优化[D]. 广州: 中国科学院大学, 2017. [6] 李飞翔, 岳琛, 张超月, 等. 人工湿地去除水产养殖尾水中氮磷的影响因素识别[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2022, 38(7): 8. [7] ZHENG Y, LIU Y, QU M, et al. Fate of an antibiotic and its effects on nitrogen transformation functional bacteria in integrated vertical flow constructed wetlands[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021(11): 129272. [8] YI K, D WANG, QI YANG, et al. Effect of ciprofloxacin on biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 605: 368. [9] 覃岚倩, 白少元, 张琴, 等. 人工湿地对抗生素复合污染的净化效果及微生物群落响应[J]. 生态学杂志, 2021, 40(2): 525-533. doi: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.202102.006 [10] SANTOS F, ALMEIDA C, RIBEIRO I, et al. Potential of constructed wetland for the removal of antibiotics and antibiotic resistant bacteria from livestock wastewater[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2019, 129: 45-53. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.01.007 [11] 《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会. 水和废水监测分析方法[M]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 1989. [12] WU H, ZHANG J, NGO H H, et al. A review on the sustainability of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: Design and operation[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2015, 175: 594-601. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.068 [13] YUAN Y, YANG B, WANG H, et al. The simultaneous antibiotics and nitrogen removal in vertical flow constructed wetlands: Effects of substrates and responses of microbial functions[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2020, 310: 123419. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123419 [14] ZHU T, SU Z, LAI W, et al. Insights into the fate and removal of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes using biological wastewater treatment technology[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2021, 776: 145906. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145906 [15] 刘佳, 易乃康, 熊永姣, 等. 人工湿地构型对水产养殖废水含氮污染物和抗生素去除影响[J]. 环境科学, 2016, 37(9): 3430-3437. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.2016.09.022 [16] 崔迪, 邓红娜, 庞长泷, 等. 生物法去除水环境中磺胺甲恶唑的研究进展[J]. 中国给水排水, 2019, 35(24): 7. doi: 10.19853/j.zgjsps.1000-4602.2019.24.007 [17] VASILIADOU I A, MOLINA R, F MARTÍNEZ, et al. Biological removal of pharmaceutical and personal care products by a mixed microbial culture: Sorption, desorption and biodegradation[J]. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2013, 81(Complete): 108-119. [18] REIS AC, ČVANČAROVÁ M, LIU Y, et al. Biodegradation of sulfamethoxazole by a bacterial consortium of Achromobacter denitrificans PR1 and Leucobacter sp[J]. GP. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2018, 102(23): 10299-10314. doi: 10.1007/s00253-018-9411-9 [19] DAN A, YANG Y, DAI Y N, et al. Removal and factors influencing removal of sulfonamides and trimethoprim from domestic sewage in constructed wetlands[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2013, 146: 363-370. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.050 [20] SONG H L, ZHANG S, GUO J H, et al. Vertical up-flow constructed wetlands exhibited efficient antibiotic removal but induced antibiotic resistance genes in effluent[J]. Chemosphere, 2018, 203(1): 434-441. [21] DAI M, ZHANG Y, WU Y, et al. Mechanism involved in the treatment of sulfamethoxazole in wastewater using a constructed wetland microbial fuel cell system[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2021, 9(5): 106193. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2021.106193 [22] GUO M J, CAO J, WANG C Y, et al. Microbial biomass and nutrients in soil at different stages of secondary forest succession in Ziwulin, North-west China[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2005, 217: 117-125. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.05.055 [23] KUMAR S, DUTTA V. Constructed wetland microcosms as sustainable technology for domestic wastewater treatment: an overview[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research-International, 2019, 26(12): 11662-11673. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-04816-9 [24] WEI W, TONG J, HU B. X. Study on ecological dynamic model for phytoremediation of farmland drainage water[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2019, 578: 124026. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124026 [25] 李泽兵, 韩飞, 曾圣男, 等. 人工湿地去除养殖废水中磺胺类抗生素的影响因素研究进展[J]. 生态毒理学报, 2020, 15(5): 49-58. [26] PEIRIS C, GUNATILAKE S. R, MLSNA T. E, et al. Biochar based removal of antibiotic sulfonamides and tetracyclines in aquatic environments: A critical review[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2017, 246: 150-159. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.150 [27] DENG S, CHEN J, CHANG J. Application of biochar as an innovative substrate in constructed wetlands/biofilters for wastewater treatment: Performance and ecological benefits[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 293: 126156. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126156 [28] LI X, LU S, LIU S, et al. Shifts of bacterial community and molecular ecological network at the presence of fluoroquinolones in a constructed wetland system[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 708: 135156. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135156 [29] 王飞鹏, 黄亚玲, 张瑞瑞, 等. 不同曝气方式对人工湿地细菌多样性, 代谢活性及功能的影响[J]. 环境科学, 2022, 43(4): 2007-2017. [30] LU S Y, ZHANG Y R, LIU X H, et al. Effects of sulfamethoxazole on nitrogen removal and molecular ecological network in integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2021, 219: 112292. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112292 [31] YAN Q, MIN J, YU Y, et al. Microbial community response during the treatment of pharmaceutically active compounds (Ph ACs) in constructed wetland mesocosms[J]. Chemosphere, 2017, 186: 823-831. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.064 [32] CHEN A, CHEN B, DING C. Effects of tetracycline on simultaneous biological wastewater nitrogen and phosphorus removal[J]. Rsc Advance, 2015, 5(73): 59326-59334. doi: 10.1039/C5RA08434B [33] TONG X, WANG X, HE X, et al. Effects of ofloxacin on nitrogen removal and microbial community structure in constructed wetland[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 656: 503-511. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.358 [34] KUYPERS M, MARCHANT H K, KARTAL B. The microbial nitrogen-cycling network[J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2018, 16(5): 263-276. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2018.9