-
随着全球气候变暖,大气中CO2体积分数持续升高,氮磷等营养物质大量输入,水体富营养化愈发严重,有害藻华频发[1-2]。致密的水华会消耗水中氧气,与水生生物竞争养分,破坏水产资源,导致水生态失衡[3-4]。此外,有些水华还会产生多种毒素或生物活性化合物,影响食品质量安全,危害人群健康[5]。水华已成为淡水湖泊面临的生态灾难,亦会对生态、环境和健康构成威胁[6]。因此,亟需寻找高效环保的方法来控制有害藻华。
在水生态环境中,藻细胞并不是独立存在的,其与微生物之间存在着物质交换与信息交流[7]。近年来,已有研究发现部分细菌及其分泌物具有强而特异的抑藻活性,这些细菌来源于藻际环境,在调节微藻的群落结构组成及生物量方面发挥着重要作用。因此,利用藻际细菌控制藻类水华成为研究者关注热点[8]。一些溶藻细菌在淡水水华爆发和消退过程中发挥了决定性作用[9],而部分溶藻细菌和相应的溶藻物质已被证实能有效控制有害藻华[10-11],且部分微生物的群体感应作用也能影响并调控菌藻的共生关系[12-13]。群体感应 (quorum sensing,QS) 是微生物化学信号传导的一种常见形式,主要通过释放一定量的胞外信号分子使个体获得有关邻近群落的细胞密度和物种组成信息,并相应地调整基因表达谱,实现个体无法进行的某些生理活动或者调节机制,如毒力因子产生、胞外聚合物合成、生物膜形成等[14-16]。在水华爆发过程中,溶藻细菌会跟随藻细胞的数量增长而增加,随水华的消亡而逐渐减少,但溶藻细菌在增殖初期并不表现出溶藻特性,只有数量达到一个阈值才能溶解藻细胞。因此,微生物的溶藻作用很可能受到QS的调控[17]。QS也参与溶藻物质代谢的调控。从太湖分离出一株气单胞菌GLY-2107,该菌能分泌3-甲基吲哚和3-苄基哌嗪-2,5-二酮两种溶藻活性物质,且证实该溶藻化合物的产生由AHL介导的QS调控,C4-HSL是溶藻功能菌溶藻活性的关键QS信号[11]。
扩散信号因子 (diffusible signaling factor,DSF) 家族群体感应是常见的群体感应系统之一,广泛存在于革兰氏阴性细菌中,可调节细菌种间与种内的多种与环境适应性相关的生物学功能[18]。DSF-QS信号的产生和响应主要由rpf基因簇完成。其中,rpfF基因负责合成DSF信号分子;rpfC/rpfG基因负责DSF信号识别与传导;rpfB基因负责降解DSF信号分子[19-20]。目前,DSF信号分子的生物化学功能调控机制基本上得以阐明,同时发现部分分泌DSF信号分子的微生物具有溶藻特性。周素等[21]用铜绿假单胞菌及其发酵液作用于铜绿微囊藻,发现用48 h的铜绿假单胞菌发酵液处理铜绿微囊藻7 d后,其溶藻率达到83.83%,对藻毒素的降解率达到71.35%。阴盼晴等[22]从赤潮中分离出一株能高效抑制锥状斯氏藻的嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌,该菌株能抑制藻细胞光合磷酸化电子传递过程,显著降低锥状斯氏藻的生物量。但这些报道中均未提及DSF-QS介导的群体感应对菌藻关系的影响机理,DSF-QS在微生物抑藻机制中的作用亦尚不清楚。
嗜根寡养单胞菌 (Stenotrophomonas rhizophila) 是一株革兰氏阴性菌,广泛存在于土壤、水体中,已有研究证实嗜根寡养单胞菌具有潜在抑藻能力[23-24],且其基因组中具有产生和响应DSF信号的rpf基因簇[19]。目前,嗜根寡养单胞菌的溶藻机制还不明晰,故S. rhizophila可作为DSF-QS调控溶藻作用和效果的模式菌株进行研究。基于此,本课题组以有害水华常见优势藻铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,以溶藻菌S. rhizophila野生型菌株 (WT) 和DSF合成酶基因-rpfF基因敲除株 (ΔrpfF) 为实验菌株,通过溶藻实验及基于光谱学手段,探讨DSF-QS存在或缺失条件下S. rhizophila 的溶藻作用及溶藻物质特性的差异,以期为DSF-QS调控的微生物溶藻机制提供科学依据,亦为微生物技术治理有害水华提供菌种资源及技术参考。
DSF型群体感应系统的缺失导致嗜根寡养单胞菌溶藻作用的增强
Enhancement of algicidal acrivity of Stenotrophomonas rhizophila induced by the absence of DSF quorum-sensing system
-
摘要: 水环境中的微藻与藻际微生物之间关系复杂多变,而微生物的群体感应 (QS) 作用会影响并调控菌藻的共生关系。以嗜根寡养单胞菌 (Stenotrophomonas rhizophila) 野生株 (WT) 和QS扩散信号因子 (DSF) 合成酶基因- rpfF基因敲除株 (△rpfF) 为实验菌株,阐明DSF型群体感应是否调控嗜根寡养单胞菌对铜绿微囊藻的溶藻效果。结果表明:嗜根寡养单胞菌野生株和rpfF基因敲除株的溶藻特性相似,均具有针对铜绿微囊藻的溶藻特异性,主要通过分泌溶藻物质间接作用于藻细胞;野生株和敲除株培养48 h后的无菌滤液均有显著的溶藻作用,在投加体积分数10%无菌滤液的条件下,野生株和敲除株7 d溶藻率分别为53%和78%。此外,实验菌株分泌的溶藻活性物质具有热稳定性和酸碱耐受性,且不容易被乙醇沉淀;三维荧光光谱、紫外可见光光谱、傅里叶变换红外光光谱分析表明菌株胞外滤液中主要以类腐殖酸物质为主,芳香化程度较高;通过比较荧光强度和吸光度可知DSF合成酶基因缺失的嗜根寡养单胞菌的无菌滤液中类腐殖酸物质含量显著高于野生株。结果表明,DSF-QS缺失的嗜根寡养单胞菌生物量增多,能分泌更多的溶藻物质,增强了嗜根寡养单胞菌的溶藻作用。本研究拓宽了对菌藻互作的认识,有助于更好地理解溶藻菌对有害藻华的抑制机制,同时为以微生物菌剂治理水华的技术体系提供参考。Abstract: There are complicated and volatile interrelationships between algae and microorganisms in aquatic environments, of which quorum sensing (QS) of microorganisms can influence and regulate the symbiotic relationship between bacteria and algae. In this study, S. rhizophila wild-type (WT) and an incompetent DSF production rpfF-knockout mutant(△rpfF) were used to illustrate whether DSF-QS could regulate the algicidal effects of S. rhizophila on Microcystis aeruginosa. The results showed that S. rhizophila WT and △rpfF had similar algicidal characteristics. Both strains had algicidal specificity for Microcystis aeruginosa, mainly via secreting extracellular algicidal substances indirectly against algae. After 48 h of culture, the sterile filtrate of S. rhizophila WT and △rpfF showed significant algicidal effects. The algicidal rate of wild and knockout strains was 53% and 78% after a 7-day incubation when feeding 10%(v/v) sterile filtrate. The algicidal substances had better thermal stability and acid-base tolerance and were not easy to precipitate using ethanol. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-vis absorption spectrum, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the extracellular filtrate of the strain was mainly composed of humic acid-like substances with a high degree of aromatification. Meanwhile, the content of humic acid-like substances in the sterile filtrate of S. rhizophila △rpfF was significantly higher than S. rhizophila WT by comparing fluorescence intensity and absorbance. The above experimental results verified that the S. rhizophila lacking DSF quorum-sensing system had more biomass and could secrete more algicidal substances, which enhanced the algicidal effects of S. rhizophila. In this study, the understanding of bacteria-algal interaction was broadened, thus a better understanding of the inhibition mechanism of algicidal bacteria on harmful algal blooms was chieved. The results of this study can provide a reference for the technical system of bacteriological agents to control blooms.
-
-
[1] ULLAH H, NAGELKERKEN I, GOLDENBERG S U, et al. Climate change could drive marine food web collapse through altered trophic flows and cyanobacterial proliferation[J]. PLoS biology, 2018, 16(1): e2003446. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2003446 [2] RAVEN J A, GOBLER C J, HANSEN P J. Dynamic CO2 and pH levels in coastal, estuarine, and inland waters: Theoretical and observed effects on harmful algal blooms[J]. Harmful Algae, 2020, 91: 101594. doi: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.03.012 [3] HUISMAN J, CODD G A, PAERL H W, et al. Cyanobacterial blooms[J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2018, 16(8): 471-483. doi: 10.1038/s41579-018-0040-1 [4] MOUSTAKA-GOUNI M, SOMMER U. Effects of harmful blooms of large-sized and colonial cyanobacteria on aquatic food webs[J]. Water, 2020, 12(6): 1587. doi: 10.3390/w12061587 [5] KARLSON B, ANDERSEN P, ARNEBORG L, et al. Harmful algal blooms and their effects in coastal seas of Northern Europe[J]. Harmful algae, 2021, 102: 101989. doi: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101989 [6] YU R, LU S, QI Y, et al. Progress and perspectives of harmful algal bloom studies in China[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 2020, 51(4): 768-788. [7] COYNE K J, WANG Y F, JOHNSON G. Algicidal bacteria: a review of current knowledge and applications to control harmful algal blooms[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2022, 13: 871177. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.871177 [8] CRUMP B C, WOJAHN J M, TOMAS F, et al. Metatranscriptomics and amplicon sequencing reveal mutualisms in seagrass microbiomes[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2018, 9: 388. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00388 [9] ZHANG P, ZHAI C M, CHEN R Q, et al. The dynamics of the water bloom-forming Microcystis aeruginosa and its relationship with biotic and abiotic factors in Lake Taihu, China[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2012, 47: 274-277. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.07.004 [10] LIN S Q, GENG M X, LIU X L, et al. On the control of Microcystis aeruginosa and Synechococccus species using an algicidal bacterium, Stenotrophomonas F6, and its algicidal compounds cyclo-(Gly-Pro) and hydroquinone[J]. Journal of Applied Phycology, 2016, 28(1): 345-355. doi: 10.1007/s10811-015-0549-x [11] GUO X L, LIU X L, WU L S, et al. The algicidal activity of Aeromonas sp strain GLY-2107 against bloom-forming Microcystis aeruginosa is regulated by N-acyl homoserine lactone-mediated quorum sensing[J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2016, 18(11): 3867-3883. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.13346 [12] SEYEDSAYAMDOST M R, CASE R J, KOLTER R, et al. The Jekyll-and-Hyde chemistry of Phaeobacter gallaeciensis[J]. Nature chemistry, 2011, 3(4): 331-335. doi: 10.1038/nchem.1002 [13] QIXIN L, XUAN F, ZHIYA S, et al. Enhanced wastewater treatment performance by understanding the interaction between algae and bacteria based on quorum sensing[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2022, 354: 127161. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127161 [14] WHITELEY M, DIGGLE S P, GREENBERG E P. Progress in and promise of bacterial quorum sensing research[J]. Nature, 2018, 555(7694): 126-126. [15] EICKHOFF M J, BASSLER B L. Snapshot: bacterial quorum sensing[J]. Cell, 2018, 174(5): 1328-1328.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.003 [16] PAPENFORT K, BASSLER B L. Quorum sensing signal–response systems in Gram-negative bacteria[J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2016, 14(9): 576-588. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.89 [17] LIU J, LEWITUS A J, KEMPTON J W, et al. The association of algicidal bacteria and raphidophyte blooms in South Carolina brackish detention ponds[J]. Harmful Algae, 2008, 7(2): 184-193. doi: 10.1016/j.hal.2007.07.001 [18] ZHOU L, ZHANG L H, CAMARA M, et al. The DSF family of quorum sensing signals: diversity, biosynthesis, and turnover[J]. Trends in Microbiology, 2017, 25(4): 293-303. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.11.013 [19] HUEDO P, YERO D, MARTINEZ-SERVAT S, et al. Decoding the genetic and functional diversity of the DSF quorum-sensing system in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2015, 6: 761. [20] 宋凯, 周莲, 何亚文. DSF-家族群体感应信号生物合成途径与调控机制研究进展[J]. 微生物学通报, 2021, 48(4): 1239-1248. doi: 10.13344/j.microbiol.china.200710 [21] ZHOU S, YIN H, TANG S, et al. Physiological responses of Microcystis aeruginosa against the algicidal bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2016, 127: 214-221. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.02.001 [22] 阴盼晴. 海洋嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌JX14对锥状斯式藻抑藻机理的研究[D]. 兰州: 兰州理工大学, 2019. [23] ZHANG Q, WANG Y, ZHOU J. Complete genome sequence of Stenotrophomonas Rhizophila kc1 a quorum sensing-producing algicidal bacterium isolated from Mangrove Kandelia candel[J]. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 2021, 34(7): 857-861. doi: 10.1094/MPMI-12-20-0346-A [24] YIN P Q, ZHANG Q, ZHU J M, et al. The data of genomic and phenotypic profiles of the N-acyl homoserine lactone-producing algicidal bacterium Stenotrophomonas rhizophila GA1[J]. Data in Brief, 2018, 21: 966-971. doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.10.051 [25] ZENG G M, ZHOU J, HUANG T, et al. Extraction of chlorophyll-a from eutrophic water by repeated freezing and thawing-extraction method[J]. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2014, 26(8): 2289-2292. doi: 10.14233/ajchem.2014.15700 [26] SEYMOUR J R, AMIN S A, RAINA J B, et al. Zooming in on the phycosphere: the ecological interface for phytoplankton-bacteria relationships[J]. Nature Microbiology, 2017, 2(7): 1-12. [27] ROTH P B, TWINER M J, MIKULSKI C M, et al. Comparative analysis of two algicidal bacteria active against the red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis[J]. Harmful Algae, 2008, 7(5): 682-691. doi: 10.1016/j.hal.2008.02.002 [28] YU Y, ZENG Y D, LI J, et al. An algicidal Streptomyces amritsarensis strain against Microcystis aeruginosa strongly inhibits microcystin synthesis simultaneously[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 650: 34-43. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.433 [29] MEYER N, BIGALKE A, KAULFUSS A, et al. Strategies and ecological roles of algicidal bacteria[J]. Fems Microbiology Reviews, 2017, 41(6): 880-899. doi: 10.1093/femsre/fux029 [30] 张嗣萍. 一株广谱性溶藻细菌的筛选鉴定、溶藻特性及溶藻机理的研究[D]. 重庆: 西南大学, 2018. [31] ZHENG X W, ZHANG B Z, ZHANG J L, et al. A marine algicidal actinomycete and its active substance against the harmful algal bloom species Phaeocystis globosa[J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2013, 97(20): 9207-9215. doi: 10.1007/s00253-012-4617-8 [32] 范德朋, 胡亚冬, 杨敏志, 等. 鱼腥藻藻华水体一株溶藻菌BWFA55的鉴定及溶藻特性[J]. 广东海洋大学学报, 2021, 41(6): 9-17. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-9159.2021.06.002 [33] CHEN W, PAUL W, LEENHEER J A, et al. Fluorescence excitation - emission matrix regional integration to quantify spectra for dissolved organic matter[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2003, 37(24): 5701-5710. [34] JIAO N, HERNDL G J, HANSELL D A, et al. Microbial production of recalcitrant dissolved organic matter: long-term carbon storage in the global ocean[J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2010, 8(8): 593-599. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2386 [35] ZHAO X Y, ZHAO K, SUN P Q. A method to describe the shapes of UV-vis absorbance spectra during the aggregation process of conjugated polymer solutions quantitatively[J]. Chemical Physics Letters, 2019, 730: 582-586. doi: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.06.030 [36] 李岩岩, 赵娜, 马丽娟, 等. 土壤腐殖酸的紫外-可见光谱表征[J]. 大连民族学院学报, 2011, 13(5): 538-539. doi: 10.13744/j.cnki.cn21-1431/g4.2011.05.008 [37] SUN B, LI Y S, SONG M J, et al. Molecular characterization of the composition and transformation of dissolved organic matter during the semi-permeable membrane covered hyperthermophilic composting[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2022, 425: 127496. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127496 [38] CHAVEZ-VERGARA B, MERINO A, VAZQUEZ-MARRUFO G, et al. Organic matter dynamics and microbial activity during decomposition of forest floor under two native neotropical oak species in a temperate deciduous forest in Mexico[J]. Geoderma, 2014, 235: 133-145. [39] 段漓童, 刘正猛. 红外光谱图的分区[J]. 华北煤炭医学院学报, 2006, 8(3): 336-337. [40] 张明洋, 朱兆龙, 李好好, 等. 不同傅里叶变换红外光谱法研究土壤光谱特征的比较与应用[J]. 水土保持研究, 2022, 29(6): 121-128. doi: 10.13869/j.cnki.rswc.20220414.006 [41] 倪文海, 刘欢, 刘振涛, 等. 水稻秸杆腐解过程溶解性有机质红外光谱研究[J]. 土壤, 2013, 45(2): 1220-1226. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-9829.2013.02.005 [42] KROL E, SCHAPER S, BECKER A. Cyclic di-GMP signaling controlling the free-living lifestyle of alpha-proteobacterial rhizobia[J]. Biological Chemistry, 2020, 401(12): 1335-1348. doi: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0232 [43] LIU Y, GAO J, WANG N, et al. Diffusible signal factor enhances the saline-alkaline resistance and rhizosphere colonization of Stenotrophomonas rhizophila by coordinating optimal metabolism[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2022, 834: 155403. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155403 [44] 司晓光, 张晓青, 郝建安, 等. 芽孢杆菌dhs-330-021对链状亚历山大藻的溶藻机理研究[J]. 生物技术通讯, 2017, 28(4): 485-489. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-0002.2017.04.015 [45] 卢露, 马金玲, 牛晓君, 等. 铜绿微囊藻溶藻菌EA-1的分离鉴定及溶藻特性[J]. 中国环境科学, 2021, 41(11): 5372-5381. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2021.11.046 [46] 李超, 惠晓梅, 潘子鹤, 等. 四尾栅藻和蛋白核小球藻对模拟生活污水的处理性能研究[J]. 太原理工大学学报, 2021, 52(6): 880-886. doi: 10.16355/j.cnki.issn1007-9432tyut.2021.06.005 [47] SARANYA D, SHANTHAKUMAR S. Green microalgae for combined sewage and tannery effluent treatment: performance and lipid accumulation potential[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2019, 241: 167-178. [48] LI Z H, LIN S Q, LIU X L, et al. A freshwater bacterial strain, Shewanella sp Lzh-2, isolated from Lake Taihu and its two algicidal active substances, hexahydropyrrolo 1, 2-a pyrazine-1, 4-dione and 2, 3-indolinedione[J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2014, 98(10): 4737-4748. doi: 10.1007/s00253-014-5602-1 [49] SUN B K, TANJI Y, UNNO H. Influences of iron and humic acid on the growth of the cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis[J]. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2005, 24(3): 195-201. doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2005.02.014 [50] IMAI A, FUKUSHIMA T, MATSUSHIGE K. Effects of iron limitation and aquatic humic substances on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa[J]. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 1999, 56(10): 1929-1937. doi: 10.1139/f99-131