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工业生产过程中产生的细微颗粒物是造成大气污染的主要原因之一[1- 2]。袋式除尘器是工业领域控制颗粒物尤其是细微颗粒物排放最有效的净化设备之一,滤袋是其核心[3]。不断改进优化纤维滤料可提高其捕集效率,但也会因其阻力不断升高而增加运行成本。因此,需要开发新技术使得滤袋对粉尘捕集效率提高的同时而又不增加其阻力。颗粒物单极预荷电可有效改善滤袋过滤特性[3-5],但是携带大量同性电荷的颗粒物长期堆积在滤袋表面会引起反电晕现象。因此,基于双极荷电凝并行为,一些学者利用预荷电技术使细微颗粒物实现异性电荷中和,进而增大粒径,更易被过滤器捕集脱除。CHANG等[6]已成功应用飞灰颗粒物的凝并行为增强了其在电除尘器中的捕集效率。SOBCZYK 等[7]设计了包含凝并器在内的复合式电除尘器,并证实了其捕集效率远高于传统电除尘器。KOIZUMI等[8]及HUANG等[9]研究了交变电场中双极荷电颗粒物的凝并行为,发现过滤风速及预荷电器施加电压是影响颗粒物凝并最重要的2个因素。以上成果均已证实了双极荷电颗粒物在电场中的电凝并行为。然而,相关研究仍集中于电除尘器领域,对于利用颗粒物双极预荷电凝并技术与传统袋式除尘器相结合的成果还鲜有报道。CIACH等[10]在1996年将预荷电凝并技术与纤维滤料相结合,提高了柴油颗粒物的捕集效率,但并未研究对纤维滤料压差特性的影响。向晓东等 [11-13]对电袋复合除尘器的增效减阻效应进行了实验研究,对于设计优化前置预荷电器结构参数有着重要意义,但其对于后置滤袋的分级数目捕集效率未作研究,仅讨论了其表面粉尘的堆积密度及中位粒径。贾沛等[14]则采用数值模拟研究方法,利用电晕放电模块耦合湍流模块,研究了线-管式双极预荷电中电流体动力学分布规律。黄超等[15]研究了不同预荷电条件下影响颗粒物凝并效果的因素,并得到了包括电压、风速等工况在内的最优凝并条件,但最优条件下颗粒物凝并行为对于滤袋过滤特性的影响未作讨论。综上所述,虽然利用单/双预荷电技术提高袋式除尘器可有效过滤高炉除尘灰,但该技术仍需进一步拓展和完善。
基于此,本课题组设计搭建了由线-板式预荷电器和滤袋集尘装置组成的复合电/袋滤实验平台,对工业实践中影响高炉除尘灰双极荷电凝并的主要因素匹配电压及过滤风速进行了研究。在此基础上,进一步系统对比分析滤袋对未荷电、单极负荷电及双极预荷电高炉除尘灰的分级数目捕集效率和阻力特性,利用扫描电镜观察得到了不同预荷电方式高炉除尘灰在纤维滤袋表面沉积的微观形貌结构,以期为细微颗粒物预荷电技术与传统袋式除尘器的结合与工业应用提供参考。
高炉除尘灰细微颗粒物单/双预荷电强化滤袋过滤特性
Unipolar/bipolar pre-charging enhanced the filtration performance of bag filter for fine particulate matter from blast furnace dust
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摘要: 传统袋式除尘器对于细微颗粒物的捕集效率不甚理想,在袋式除尘器入口前增加预荷电装置是一种切实可行的强化其过滤特性的技术手段。设计搭建线板式直流高压预荷电器,研究了不同正/负匹配电压及风速对于双极预荷电高炉除尘灰电凝并行为的影响规律,对比分析了滤袋对未荷电、单极负荷电以及双极荷电高炉除尘灰细微颗粒物 (PM 2.5) 的捕集效率与压差特性,得到了不同预荷电方式高炉除尘灰细微颗粒物在滤袋表面沉积的微观形貌结构。结果表明:随着过滤风速 (1.5~0.5 m·s−1及匹配负电压 (−16~−12 kV) 的降低,双极荷电颗粒物凝并效率提高;高炉除尘灰细微颗粒物单/双预荷电均能提高滤袋的过滤效率;对于粒径<0.5 μm颗粒,双极预荷电技术对滤袋捕集效率的强化效果好于单极预荷电技术;对粒径为0.5~2.5 μm颗粒,单极预荷电技术的强化效果超过了双极预荷电技术;颗粒物单/双预荷电技术还使得滤袋阻力增量值及其增长速率值降低,且单极预荷电技术对于阻力降低效果更为明显。本研究可为利用单/双预荷电技术提升传统袋式除尘器对高炉除尘灰中细微颗粒物的捕集脱除特性提供参考。Abstract: The collection efficiency of the conventional bag filter for fine particles is still not ideal. Adding a pre- charging device in front of the inlet of the bag filter is a feasible technical mean to improve its filtration performance. The effects of matching voltage and flow velocity on electric agglomeration of bipolarly charged particles were investigated in this paper. The collection efficiency and pressure drop characteristics of bag filter for uncharged, unipolarly and bipolarly charged particles were compared and studied, and the micromorphology and structure of dust cake was also observed. The results showed that the agglomeration efficiency declined with the decrease of flow velocity (1.5~0.5 m·s−1) and matching voltage (-16~ -12 kV). The collection efficiency was significantly improved by the unipolarly and bipolarly charged particle. More specifically, for particles with a particle size smaller than 0.5 μm, the enhancement effect of bipolar pre-charging technology on collection efficiency was higher than that of unipolar pre-charging technology. However, for the particles with a particle size between 0.5 μm and 2.5 μm, the enhancement effect of single-polar precharging technology was higher than that of bipolar precharging technology. The precharging technology also reduced the growth rate and increment of pressure drop of bag filter, and the effect of the single-pole precharging technology on the reduction of resistance was more significant. These findings are very important for the enhanced removal of micron and submicron blast furnace dust by using conventional bag filter.
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Key words:
- pre-charging /
- blast furnace dust /
- bag filter /
- collection efficiency /
- pressure drop
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表 1 测试粉尘主要成分 (质量分数)
Table 1. Main constituent of test dust
Fe2O3 ZnO SiO2 SO3 Al2O3 CaO K2O MgO 31.93% 21.33% 12.89% 9.53% 8.22% 7.40% 2.33% 2.08% -
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