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铊是一种稀有的剧毒重金属元素,毒性高于铅、汞、镉等有毒物质,世界卫生组织关于铊的环境卫生标准规定,一般人群铊的总摄入量不超过5 μg,致死剂量为8~12 μg·g−1,铊对人体的急性毒性剂量为6~40 mg·kg−1 BW[1]。铊污染主要来源于工业排放,全世界每年用于工业生产的铊达到1.5×105 t左右,向环境中释放的铊达到2 000~5 000 t[2-3]。此外,尾矿、冶炼废弃物、含铊矿石等含铊物质经地表径流、淋滤、大气降水进入环境,以及钢铁厂等企业含铊废水的超标排放等,导致铊污染突发事件时有发生,给下游饮用水安全造成了严重威胁[4-5]。如广东韶关冶炼厂排放含铊污水造成了严重的水体铊污染事件、广西贺江铊污染事件、四川广元段的嘉陵江铊污染事件等。而且,2021年1月20日嘉陵江流域再次发生铊污染事件。因此,含铊废水的高效治理与防控刻不容缓。
水中铊主要以Tl(I)和Tl(III)的无机形式存在,Tl(I)比Tl(III)更稳定和可溶[6]。与其它除铊技术相比,吸附法因其高效、经济、操作简便而被认为是最有前景的铊去除方法。已有不同类型吸附剂被开发并用于去除水中的铊污染物,包括腐殖质[7-8]、锯末[9]、活性炭[10-11]、多壁碳纳米管[12]、钛纳米管[13]、纳米Al2O3[14]和二氧化钛[15-16]等。然而,这些吸附剂的分离回收常采用离心机或过滤器,需要消耗能量且处理困难,使其在实际应用过程中受到限制。相比之下,在外加磁场作用下,磁性吸附剂可以简单地从处理水中分离出来,大大降低了操作能耗。为了提高吸附性能,通常将典型磁性材料 (例如Fe3O4和Fe2O3) 与对目标污染物具有强而特殊亲和力的吸附材料相结合[17-18],进而开发出磁性吸附剂用于去除铊、砷[17]、镉[18]和汞[19]等有毒物质。
本研究通过化学共沉淀法制备Fe3O4颗粒,结合水热反应、溶胶凝胶等改性方法,制备磁性钛铁纳米颗粒 (TFNPs) 、四氧化三铁/二氧化钛核壳颗粒 (Fe3O4@TiO2) 和还原氧化石墨烯负载四氧化三铁/二氧化钛 (rGO-Fe3O4@TiO2) 复合磁性材料,并进一步优化TFNPs、Fe3O4@TiO2和rGO-Fe3O4@TiO2磁性材料的制备方法,探讨TFNPs、Fe3O4@TiO2和rGO-Fe3O4@TiO2磁性材料吸附、吸附氧化去除铊的性能,通过电化学手段,从微观水平阐明磁性材料中rGO对去除铊的促进机制。
rGO、TiO2修饰铁基磁性吸附材料除铊的性能
Removal of thallium by rGO and TiO2 modified iron-based magnetic adsorbents
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摘要: 近年来,铊 (Tl) 污染事件时有发生,对饮用水源造成了严重威胁,含铊废水的高效处理刻不容缓。通过化学共沉淀法制备Fe3O4颗粒,结合水热反应、溶胶凝胶等改性方法,制备了磁性钛铁纳米颗粒 (TFNPs) 、四氧化三铁/二氧化钛核壳颗粒 (Fe3O4@TiO2) 和还原氧化石墨烯负载四氧化三铁/二氧化钛 (rGO-Fe3O4@TiO2) 复合磁性材料,考察磁性复合材料吸附、氧化去除Tl(I)的性能,并阐明其作用机制。结果表明,TFNPs、Fe3O4@TiO2和rGO-Fe3O4@TiO2单位Ti含量条件下Tl(I)最大吸附容量分别为200、271.8和440 mg-Tl·g-Ti-1。TFNPs/过硫酸盐 (PS) 、Fe3O4@TiO2/PS和rGO-Fe3O4@TiO2/PS耦合体系对Tl的去除率分别为51.7%、47.2%和88.4%,这表明rGO-Fe3O4@TiO2/PS耦合体系能够高效的去除Tl。在Tl(I)和PS混合溶液中,Fe3O4、rGO和rGO-Fe3O4@TiO2的电子供给容量 (EDC) 分别为168.2、225.4和195.4 μmol-e−·g−1,而电子接受容量 (EAC) 分别为131.4、746.8和571.3 μmol-e−·g−1,表明rGO具有优异的电子转移能力。本研究结果可为含铊废水高效处理材料的开发提供参考。Abstract: The thallium pollution leading to a serious threat to the safety of drinking water in downstream cities. Therefore, the efficient treatment of thallium containing wastewater is urgently needed. In this study, Fe3O4 particles were prepared by chemical coprecipitation method and the surface loading of TiO2 nanoparticles was prepared by hydrothermal reaction and sol-gel method. Three different magnetic adsorbents including TFNPs, Fe3O4@TiO2 and rGO-Fe3O4@TiO2 composite were developed for the removal of thallium from water. The maximum adsorption capacities of Tl(I) under unit Ti content on TFNPs, Fe3O4@TiO2 and rGO-Fe3O4@TiO2 magnetic composites were 200, 271.8 and 440 mg-Tl·g-Ti-1, respectively. Therefore, the rGO-Fe3O4@TiO2 adsorbent achieved the efficient removal of Tl(I) from water. The Tl removal rates of TFNPs/PS, Fe3O4@TiO2/PS and rGO-Fe3O4@TiO2/PS hybrid systems were respectively 51.7%, 47.2% and 88.4%, indicating that rGO-Fe3O4@TiO2/PS hybrid system could remove Tl quickly and efficiently. The electronic supply capacities (EDC) of Fe3O4, rGO and rGO-Fe3O4@TiO2 were respectively 168.2, 225.4 and 195.4 μmol-e−·g−1, when they were added into Tl(I) and PS mixed solution. The electron acceptance capacity (EAC) values were respectively, 131.4, 746.8 and 571.3 μmol-e−·g−1, which indicated that rGO nanosheets have excellent electron transfer ability. The results of this study can provide a reference for the development of efficient thallium containing wastewater treatment materials.
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Key words:
- magnetic nanocomposites /
- thallium /
- adsorption oxidation /
- electron transfer
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表 1 4因素4水平均匀设计表 (U12[44])
Table 1. Uniform design table of four factors and four levels (U12[44])
组别 Fe3O4加入量/mg TBOT加入量/mL 水热反应温度/ ℃ 水热反应时间/h 1 30 50 160 60 2 30 20 140 36 3 50 50 140 24 4 30 40 200 24 5 40 20 200 60 6 50 30 180 48 7 40 30 160 48 8 60 40 140 60 9 60 50 200 48 10 40 40 180 36 11 60 20 180 24 12 50 30 160 36 表 2 Fe3O4粉末和TBOT的加入量
Table 2. Addition amount of Fe3O4 and TBOT
编号 Fe3O4粉末/mg TBOT/mL 1 30 1 2 40 2 3 50 3 4 60 4 注:考察Fe3O4粉末加入量时,TBOT的加入量为2 mL。 表 3 rGO-Fe3O4、TBOT的加入量
Table 3. Addition amount of rGO-Fe3O4 and TBOT
编号 rGO-Fe3O4/mg TBOT/mL 1 1 0.5 2 5 1.5 3 10 2 注:考察rGO-Fe3O4加入量时,TBOT的加入量为1.5 mL。 表 4 现有已报道的吸附剂对Tl(I)的吸附性能比较
Table 4. Adsorption capacities of Tl(I) on previously reported adsorbents
吸附剂 Tl(I)/(mg·L−1) pH 最大吸附量/(mg·g−1) 参考文献 碳纳米管 0~0.12 6.0 0.42 [30] 锯末 0~100 0 7.0 13.2 [9] 钛纳米管 0~60 5.0 709.2 [13] 改性真菌生物质 - 5.0 159.7 [31] 聚丙烯酰胺沸石 0~100 0 5.0 378.1 [32] 聚丙烯酰胺膨润土 0~100 0 5.0 73.6 [32] 过氧化钛 0~50 7.0 412 [15] 二氧化钛 0~50 7.0 258 [15] 普鲁士蓝藻酸盐胶囊 0~400 4.0 103.0 [33] FeOOH负载的MnO2 10~150 7.0 450 [34] MnO2@黄铁矿渣 0~160 12.0 320 [35] 硫醇二氧化硅微球 10~300 6.0 452.8 [36] 线状MnO2 5~100 0 6.0 450 [37] TFNPs 0~150 7.0 111.3 [20] Fe3O4@TiO2 0~150 7.0 101.5 [22] rGO-Fe3O4@TiO2 0~150 7.0 141.8 [23] 表 5 吸附热力学参数
Table 5. Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption process
T/ ℃ ΔG/(kJ·mol−1) ΔH/(kJ·(mol·K)−1) ΔS/(kJ·mol−1) 25 −34.8 10.19 0.15 35 −36.3 45 −37.8 -
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