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石油化工企业在炼油和化工生产过程中,会排放出大量含有高浓度硫化物(主要为Na2S,质量百分比0.5%~5%[1])、高COD的强碱性废液。此类废碱液具有强烈的恶臭[2]、较大的毒性且不易被处理,同时会造成严重的二次污染[3]。因此,必须将此类废水中有毒的低价硫化物转化成无毒、无二次污染的高价态硫酸盐后才能进入后续的处理过程。
目前国内外含硫废碱液处理主要有中和法、综合利用法、氧化法、沉淀法和生物强化法[4]。中和法即使用酸调整溶液pH至中性或酸性,使硫化氢释放,而后将废气燃烧或用作他用,但存在废气处理和高含盐量的酸性废水处理问题。综合利用即结晶回收硫化钠,再将硫化钠综合利用,但废水中的有机物和其他物质会影响硫化钠的结晶纯度。氧化法即使用空气、氧气、过氧化氢等作为氧化剂,在催化剂或无催化剂作用下将低价硫氧化。沉淀法即采用过渡金属盐与硫化钠生成沉淀,而后将硫化物沉淀分离,沉淀法同样会受废水中其他无机盐的影响使沉淀的盐不纯。生物法需要大量水(6倍以上)稀释,只适用于低浓度废碱液处理,故存在局限性。氧化法相比其他方法适用范围广、氧化效率高、无二次污染。
氧化法处理废碱液中最常用的是湿式空气氧化法。湿式空气氧化工艺是在一定温度和压力条件下,以空气中的氧作为氧化剂对污水中的污染物进行水相氧化的处理技术[5]。根据处理温度和是否加入催化剂分为低温湿式氧化、中温湿式氧化、高温湿式氧化、催化湿式氧化4类,具体如表1所示。
上述工艺均需要加压,并且反应温度超过了100 ℃,在工程中,加温加压将会提高对设备的压力等级要求、降低操作的安全性、增加能源的消耗。为了降低能耗和设备的压力等级,近期,有催化空气氧化工艺在小于100 ℃下处理废碱液的报道,详见表2。
但上述研究的重点均在废碱液中硫化钠的初步氧化去除上,并没有对废碱液中本身存在以及初步氧化后生成的高浓度硫代硫酸钠的去除进行讨论。在实际废碱液处理过程中,硫代硫酸钠的存在很大程度影响了后续盐分离的处理效果,从而影响后续生化。因此,针对含硫废碱液中硫代硫酸钠氧化困难的实际问题,本研究的重点为开发一种小于100 ℃常压催化湿式空气氧化硫代硫酸钠的脱硫工艺,通过高效脱硫催化剂提高低价硫的氧化效率和氧化深度,实现高效、经济的氧化硫代硫酸钠。
TiO2作为载体被广泛应用于催化湿式氧化及其他工业催化过程,具有高强度及耐酸碱等特点;Mn具有+2、+3、+4、+7等多种价态,可以形成不同性质的稳定氧化物,在催化反应中能够通过不同价态Mn的催化循环表现出优异的氧化还原能力[9-10],锰基催化剂常被用作氧化还原反应的催化剂,如NH3-SCR(selctive catalytic reduction)[11-12]。
基于上述研究结果,本研究应用MnOx@TiO2作为催化剂,实现常压条件下对硫代硫酸钠的催化氧化,使硫代硫酸钠在较短时间内氧化生成易于后续盐-水分离的亚硫酸钠及硫酸钠。同时考察气量、反应温度、反应时间等反应条件对硫代硫酸钠转化率的影响。
MnOx@TiO2常压催化湿式空气氧化硫代硫酸钠
Catalytic wet air oxidation of sodium thiosulfate under atmospheric pressure with MnOx@TiO2
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摘要: 应用MnOx@TiO2催化剂在常压条件下催化湿式空气氧化高浓度硫代硫酸钠,分别考察了空气气量、反应温度和反应时间对高浓度硫代硫酸钠转化率的影响,并采用XRF、XRD、XPS、NH3-/O2-TPD、H2-TPR、BET对使用前后的催化剂进行了分析和表征。结果表明,通入空气中的氧气含量在过量的情况下,气量对硫代硫酸钠的转化影响不大。硫代硫酸钠的转化率随着反应时间的增加而升高;在65~85 ℃内,硫代硫酸钠的转化率先增大后减小。使用Mn负载质量分数为2%的催化剂,使用硫代硫酸钠为模型底物,当
$ {{\rm{S}}_{\rm{2}}}{{\rm{O}}_3}^{2 - }$ 质量浓度为10 000 mg·L−1时,最佳反应条件为气量50 mL·min−1、反应时间25 h、反应温度75 ℃,硫代硫酸钠转化率可达到96%。催化剂表征结果表明,MnOx@TiO2表面存在多种形态的锰氧化物,其中主要活性成分为Mn2O3,硫代硫酸钠的氧化过程伴随着催化剂表面Mn3+到Mn2+的电子转移。同时,MnOx@TiO2表面的各种锰氧化物为$ {{\rm{S}}_{\rm{2}}}{{\rm{O}}_3}^{2 - }$ 与O2之间的电子转移提供了更多位点,而这种电子转移也导致催化剂表面氧缺陷的增加。这些结果证明了MnOx@TiO2常压催化湿式空气氧化硫代硫酸钠的可行性,为含硫废碱液高效、经济的预处理技术的开发提供了可能性。Abstract: This work reported the effects of the airflow, the temperature, the reaction time on sodium thiosulfate conversion. In this process, MnOx@TiO2 catalyst was prepared for the catalytic wet air oxidation of sodium thiosulfate in high concentration under atmospheric pressure. X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) with NH3 and O2, temperature-programmed reduction with H2 (H2-TPR) and BET were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of MnOx@TiO2 catalysts before and after the reactions. The results showed that airflow had an insignificant effect on sodium thiosulfate oxidation under the absolute excess of oxygen. Reaction time and reaction temperature were two important influence factors of the catalytic activities. Reaction time increasing showed a positive influence on the conversion of sodium thiosulfate. The catalytic activities first increased then decreased with the increase of temperature from 65 ℃ to 85 ℃. The optimal experimental conditions were airflow of 50 mL·min−1, the reaction time of 25 h, and reaction temperature of 75 ℃, respectively. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the conversion of sodium thiosulfate reached 96% by MnOx@TiO2 with Mn loading amount of 2% when the$ {{\rm{S}}_{\rm{2}}}{{\rm{O}}_3}^{2 - }$ concentration was 10 000 mg·L−1. The result of MnOx@TiO2 characterization showed that there existed various forms of Mn oxides on the surface of the catalyst, of which Mn2O3 was the main active component. The sodium thiosulfate oxidation process was accompanied by the valence conversion of Mn3+ to Mn2+ and electron transfer. At the same time, various Mn oxides on MnOx@TiO2 surface provided more active sites for electron exchange between$ {{\rm{S}}_{\rm{2}}}{{\rm{O}}_3}^{2 - }$ and O2, which led to an increase of oxygen defects on the catalyst surface. All these results proved the feasibility of the catalytic wet air oxidation of thiosulfate at atmospheric pressure with MnOx@TiO2 as the catalyst. This process provided a possibility for improving productivity and economic efficiency of pre-treatment technology for the industrial sulfur-containing spent caustic solution.-
Key words:
- MnOx@TiO2 /
- sodium thiosulfate /
- atmospheric pressure /
- catalytic wet air oxidation
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表 1 湿式空气氧化脱硫工艺汇总
Table 1. A summary of desulfurization process with wet air oxidation process
工艺类型 代表公司 反应温度/℃ 反应压力/MPa 低温湿式氧化 美国斯通韦伯 115 0.7 中温湿式氧化 西门子 200 3.2 高温湿式氧化 西门子 260 8.6 催化湿式氧化 德国拜尔 220 8.6 表 2 催化空气氧化脱硫效果汇总
Table 2. A summary of desulfurization effect with catalytic air oxidation process
表 3 TiO2和MnOx@TiO2使用前后的XRF元素分析结果
Table 3. Elemental analyses of TiO2 and MnOx@TiO2 before and after the reaction
催化剂 质量分数/% Ti O Mn 其他 TiO2 59.3 40.0 0 0.6 MnOx@TiO2使用前 56.9 39.9 1.9 1.4 MnOx@TiO2使用后 58.6 39.9 0.2 1.3 表 4 MnOx@TiO2使用前后XPS结果
Table 4. XPS results of MnOx@TiO2 before and after the reaction
催化剂 键合能/eV (Mn3+/Mnx+)/% (Oβ/O)/% Mn2+ Mn3+ Mn4+ Oβ MnOx@TiO2 使用前 640.4 642.7 644.6 531.5 23 15 MnOx@TiO2 使用后 641.0 642.4 644.1 531.3 16 10 -
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