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有机氯农药(organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)是一类人工合成的氯代芳香烃衍生物,是我国最早大规模生产使用的广谱性杀虫剂。OCPs因高毒性、生物蓄积性、半挥发性和长距离迁移性而被列为《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》首批持久性有机污染物[1-2]。OCPs可通过食物链、呼吸道和皮肤等途径进入人体内,分布到各个器官和组织,具有慢性毒性、致癌性和遗传毒性,严重威胁人类健康。我国作为农业大国,在20世纪50—70年代时喷洒过大量的OCPs,直到1983年开始才禁止此类农药在农田中使用。虽然OCPs已禁用多年,但由于其稳定的理化性质,在我国土壤和江河湖等水体中仍大量检出,其中滴滴涕(DDT)和林丹(HCH)被广泛检出[3-4]。据估算,土壤环境中分解95%的DDT需要20 a,分解95%的HCH则需要长达30 a的时间[5],且在久受DDT污染的土壤中高频率地检出pp-DDT和4,4′-DCBP等降解产物。目前,国内外针对OCPs土壤和水体污染的修复技术主要有生物修复、物理固定和化学处理等方法。
近年来,基于
$ \cdot {\rm{S}}{{\rm{O}}^ - _4}$ 和·OH的活化过硫酸盐(PS)氧化技术是高级氧化技术中应用较为广泛的一种。与其他氧化剂相比,过硫酸盐在室温条件下性质相对比较稳定,在被污染环境修复过程中可操作性强,经活化后产生的$ \cdot {\rm{S}}{{\rm{O}}^ - _4}$ 氧化还原电位高,能够在宽pH下氧化降解难降解有机物[6],使其在有机污染物降解方面的应用开始受到关注。活化过硫酸盐的方式有加热、过渡金属离子、紫外光、碱、零价铁(ZVI)等单一或两者复合活化等方式。其中,ZVI作为活化剂具有环境友好、价格低廉和应用范围广等特点,目前已在2,4-二硝基甲苯(DNT)、双酚A、氯代苯等多种有机污染物降解方面得到应用[7-8]。ZVI粒径越小,比表面积和表面能越大,其活化效果也越好。然而,由于ZVI的还原能力,其颗粒表面总覆盖着由铁氧化物或羟基氧化物形成的钝化膜,减弱其反应活性,且纳米ZVI (nZVI)表面能过高具有磁性易发生团聚,再加上成本过高,nZVI的表面积归一化反应性并不显著大于mZVI,在实际污染环境修复中并不现实[9-10]。近年来,有学者提出对ZVI进行改性以规避上述缺陷,其中硫化改性因其独有的化学特性成为研究的热点。球磨硫化微米级零价铁(S-mZVI)是通过单质硫的硫化和球磨的机械化学混合克服mZVI制备过程中的限制因素而制备的一种硫化ZVI材料[11],目前已在三氯乙烯等氯代烃的还原上展现出比nZVI更强的催化活性[12-13]。而且,S-mZVI通过硫化形成Fe/FeS复合体取代ZVI表面的钝化膜,FeS较铁(水合)氧化物是一个更好的电子导体,可以更快地将电子从铁心传递到材料表面,即促进Fe0给出电子,更快地释放Fe2+,且制备方式简便,廉价易得。但目前,尚无关于S-mZVI活化过硫酸盐降解OCPs的报道。因此,本研究拟利用球磨S-mZVI活化PS构建S-mZVI/PS高级氧化体系,通过有机氯农药的批次降解实验,分别考察了S-mZVI的S/Fe摩尔比和pH、腐殖酸、
$ {\rm{HC}}{{\rm{O}}^ - _3}$ 和$ {\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}^ -_3} $ 及溶解氧等环境因子对S-mZVI/PS体系降解有机氯农药的影响,以评估S-mZVI的实际应用性能,并优化了S-mZVI/PS体系降解有机氯农药的工艺参数,以期为S-mZVI高效活化过硫酸钠氧化降解OCPs等有机污染物的现场应用提供更为准确的操作参数。
球磨硫化零价铁活化过硫酸盐降解水体中有机氯农药
Degradation of organochlorine pesticides in water by persulfate catalyzed by ball-milled and sulfidated-zero valent iron
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摘要: 利用球磨技术制备了不同硫铁(S/Fe)摩尔比的硫化零价铁(S-mZVI),并与过硫酸钠(PS)组成复合氧化体系(S-mZVI/PS),用于降解水体中的4,4′-DCBP和β-HCH,探索了制备参数和环境因子对有机氯农药降解效果的影响。结果表明:球磨过程中硫的加入不仅可以实现零价铁的硫化,还能提高零价铁的球磨效率。与球磨零价铁相比,S-mZVI的颗粒分散更均匀,呈不规则球状,且S/Fe摩尔比越大颗粒表面越平滑,更接近于球形。S-mZVI/PS体系较mZVI/PS体系对4,4′-DCBP和β-HCH的催化降解活性更高,且随着S/Fe摩尔比的增大,mZVI的腐蚀速率越高,其对污染物的降解效果越好。当S/Fe摩尔比为0.10、PS/Fe投加量配比为1/2时,4,4′-DCBP和β-HCH的降解效果最好,反应120 min后两者的最终降解率分别为92.4%和93.0%。而且,随着pH的升高,4,4′-DCBP和β-HCH降解效率逐渐降低,但二者最终降解率之间的差异较小。腐殖酸和
$ {{\rm{HC}}{{\rm{O}}^ -_3} }$ 的存在会降低4, 4′-DCBP和β-HCH的降解效率,且随着腐殖酸和${ {\rm{HC}}{{\rm{O}}^ -_3}} $ 浓度的增加,对其降解效果的抑制作用增强;而$ {{\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}^ -_3}} $ 的存在及浓度变化对S-mZVI/PS体系中4,4′-DCBP和β-HCH的降解影响较小。因此,S-mZVI可显著提高PS的活化效率及其对有机氯农药的降解速率,适合用作有机氯农药污染水体的修复。Abstract: To explore the effects of preparation parameters of sulfidated-zero valent iron (S-mZVI) and environmental factors such as pH, humic acid,$ {\rm{HC}}{{\rm{O}}^ -_3} $ and$ {\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}^ -_3}} $ on the removal of organochlorine pesticides (OPPs) by the S-mZVI/sodium persulfate (S-mZVI/PS) system, the S-mZVI with different S/Fe molar ratios was prepared by the ball-milling technology, and then was used to activate PS for the degradation of 4,4′-DCBP and β-HCH. The results showed that the presence of S could not only achieve mZVI sulfidation during the ball-milling process, but also improved the ball-milling efficiency of mZVI. The morphology of mZVI was mainly in the form of aggregate scales, while the ball milled S-mZVI became dispersed into irregular spherical particles, and the larger the S/Fe molar ratio, the smoother the surface and the closer the spherical morphology of the particles. Compared with mZVI/PS system, S-mZVI/PS system had greater catalytic degradation activities for 4,4′-DCBP and β-HCH, and their degradation efficiency and corrosion rate of mZVI increased with the increasing of S/Fe molar ratios. At the S/Fe molar ratio of 0.10 and PS/Fe dosage ratio of 1/2, the greatest degradation of 4, 4’-DCBP and β-HCH in the S-mZVI/PS system was achieved and their final degradation rates in 120 min were 92.4% and 93.0%, respectively. Moreover, with the increase of initial pH, the degradation efficiencies of 4,4′-DCBP and β-HCH decreased gradually, but there were slight differences in their final degradation rates at various pHs. The degradation efficiencies of 4,4′-DCBP and β-HCH decreased in the presences of humic acid and$ {\rm{HC}}{{\rm{O}}^ -_3} $ , and the stronger inhibition effects the higher concentrations. However, the presence and concentration of$ {\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}^ -_3} $ had no effect on the degradation of 4 4′-DCBP and β-HCH in S-mZVI/PS system. Therefore, sulfur-modified ZVI can significantly improve the PS activation efficiency and the degradation rates of OPPs, which has good applicability for the remediation of OPPs-polluted water. -
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