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镉(Cadmium, Cd)是珠三角地区农田土壤重金属污染的主要元素之一,给农产品及环境安全带来较大威胁[1-2]。以种植超累积植物的方式修复土壤重金属污染可有效保持农田土壤的生态结构和功能,但在实际应用中往往受到土壤理化性质、重金属赋存形态等因素的影响,导致超累积植物生长缓慢、生物量小、对土壤重金属的修复效率低等问题[3-4]。通过将超累积植物与根际促生菌联用,借助根际促生菌与植物间的相互作用,促进植物生长,提高土壤矿质元素的生物有效性[5-7],进而提高植物修复效率的研究已成为近年来的热点 [8-12]。
龙葵是一种能生长在受镉污染严重的矿区,为生长速度快,且地上部分生物量大的镉超累积植物,已被广泛应用于土壤的植物修复研究中。阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)是本课题组前期从根系土壤筛选并鉴定的具有产铁载体功能,可促进植物生长的根际促生菌。因此,从理论上讲,将龙葵与阴沟肠杆菌联用可大幅提高龙葵对镉污染农田土壤的修复效率。然而,受根际土壤环境多方面的影响,这种联用技术在实际应用中尚存在菌株定殖效果差、生态位竞争力不足的局限性[13-14]。通过液体接种到植物根际土壤菌株的存活能力往往较低,从而影响植物修复效率。此外,修复过程中需要定期接种菌液,亦会给农业生产带来不便[15]。
根际促生菌的封装技术是提高其在植物根际土壤中存活能力,并增强植物修复效率的有效方法[16]。海藻酸盐与钙盐发生交联反应形成的化合物对细菌无毒害作用,具有良好的生物相容性,且能被土壤环境自然降解,因而适用于微生物载体材料[17]。淀粉和乳清能提高细菌在干燥和低温环境下的活性[17],是固体菌剂中提高根际促生菌复苏能力和保存时间的有效添加成分。此外,植物对钙、锌、锰和铁4种金属元素的吸收会影响其自身生长,并参与植物富集和转运镉的生理过程。
本研究选用海藻酸钠、氯化钙、黑麦粉、甜乳清粉为载体材料,阴沟肠杆菌为菌株[14],制备包裹型根际促生菌剂Z16,通过盆栽实验,研究对比菌液和菌剂对龙葵提取土壤重金属镉的影响,并分析该菌剂对龙葵吸收钙、锰、锌和铁这4种金属元素的影响,进一步证实菌剂的作用效果,以期为强化超累积植物-根际促生菌联用技术对镉污染农田的植物修复效率提供参考。
包裹型根际促生菌剂强化龙葵修复镉污染农田土壤
Enhanced remediation of cadmium contaminated farmland soil by Solanum nigrum L . with coated rhizosphere growth-promoting agent
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摘要: 制备了一种具有镉活化功能的包裹型根际促生菌剂,用于强化镉超累积植物龙葵对镉污染农田土壤的植物修复作用。结果表明:包裹型菌剂Z16的多腔室结构适合菌株的生存,菌剂Z16的释菌浓度在24 h孵育后达到106 CFU·g−1;与菌液组EC相比,菌剂Z16组的龙葵地上部鲜重提高了19.81%,地上部和根部镉的富集系数分别提高了20.98%和168.97%,根际土壤碳酸盐结合态镉的浓度得到活化,龙葵对钙、锰和铁元素的吸收能力也得到增强。因此,与施用菌液EC相比,包裹型根际促生菌剂Z16通过在根际土壤持续释放菌株,可提高难溶性镉的活化效果及提高植物修复效率。本研究可为强化超累积植物-根际促生菌联用技术对镉污染农田的植物修复效率提供参考。Abstract: A type of encapsulated plant growth promoting rhizobacterial inoculant with the capacity of insoluble cadmium (Cd) mobilization was developed to improve the Cd-phytoremediation efficacy of Cd-hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L. in Cd-contaminated farmland soil. According to the present research, encapsulated inoculant Z16 with the multi-chambered structure avail for PGPR survival. The number of bacteria released was 106 CFU·g−1 after 24 hours. When compared with EC inoculation, specifically, the fresh weight in shoots, Cd bioconcentration factor of the shoots and roots were increased by 19.81%, 20.98% and 168.97%, respectively. Insoluble Cd mobilization in rhizosphere soil and calcium, manganese, and iron absorption of Solanum nigrum L. was improved. Therefore, continuous bacteria released in rhizosphere soil by encapsulated plant growth promoting rhizobacterial inoculant makes insoluble Cd mobilization and Cd-phytoremediation more efficient, which has a great application prospect.
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表 1 龙葵的Cd富集能力
Table 1. Cd bioconcentration capacity of Solanum nigrum L.
处理组 Cd富集质量分数/
(mg·kg-1)Cd富集总量/µg 地上部 根部 地上部 根部 CK 4.68±0.02a 3.38±0.29a 2.57±0.17a 0.09±0.01a EC 4.48±0.13a 3.31±0.05a 4.09±0.11b 0.19±0.02b Z16 5.42±0.14b 8.91±0.02b 5.24±0.32c 0.55±0.07c 注:不同字母代表不同处理组差异显著(p<0.05)。 表 2 龙葵的Cd富集和转运系数
Table 2. Cd bioconcentration and translocation factor of Solanum nigrum L.
处理组 碳酸盐结合态
Cd质量分数/
(mg·kg−1)富集系数BCF 转运系数TF 根际土 地上部 根部 CK 0.252±0.006b 5.16±0.02a 3.73±0.32a 1.39±0.12b EC 0.247±0.011b 4.95±0.15a 3.66±0.05a 1.35±0.04b Z16 0.217±0.003a 5.98±0.16b 9.84±0.02b 0.61±0.02a 注:不同字母代表不同处理组差异显著(p<0.05)。 -
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