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聚偏氟乙烯(polyvinylidene difluoride,PVDF)广泛应用于水处理当中,PVDF属于结晶聚合物,具有高机械强度、良好耐化学性和热稳定性等特点,且在制备平板、中空纤维或管状膜时显示出良好的加工性能[1]。然而,PVDF的强疏水性易导致疏水污染物在膜表面的吸附和沉积,进而造成结垢现象,将显著降低抗污性能,并增加运行成本,限制其在水处理方面的应用[2]。通常,PVDF亲水性的增加会提高其抗污性能,可以防止疏水性污染物在膜表面的吸附和沉积[3]。目前,研究者已尝试多种方法用于增强PVDF膜的表面亲水性,如亲水聚合物表面涂层、表面接枝聚合、与亲水聚合物共混及无机材料的杂化复合等。近年来,将无机材料与有机高分子化合物添加到铸膜液中制备PVDF有机/无机复合膜已成为分离膜领域的研究热点[4-6],然而对于复合膜的抗菌效果研究较为欠缺,以及使用寿命未知。
选择性催化还原(selective catalytic reduction, SCR)法常用在大气脱硝过程中治理废气,通过氨水或尿素与氮氧化物(NOx)反应生成氮气(N2)和水(H2O),使得中高浓度的NOx污染物转化为可氧化的无害产品[7]。在SCR系统运行过程中,催化剂由灰分堵塞、活性组分的损失等情况而丧失部分功能。商业化的催化剂再生程序可以通过洗涤、吹灰等过程重新恢复其活性。但是,经过反复再生后会造成催化剂内部结构的损伤,损坏的SCR催化剂不能再生使用[8-9]。由于废旧SCR催化剂(waste selective catalytic reduction,WSCR)中含有大量的二氧化钛(TiO2)、二氧化硅(SiO2)、氧化钨(WO3)等金属元素,随意丢弃会造成大量的资源浪费。另外,具有亲水性的TiO2纳米粒子同时还具备抗菌的功能,是制备抗菌水处理膜的良好材料[10]。
离子液体(ionic liquid,IL)是常温常压下的熔融有机盐,无污染、无气味、可回收,是良好的环保友好型试剂[11]。离子液体在许多化学反应过程中具有取代传统有机溶剂的潜力,由于其独特的物理化学性质,如蒸气压可忽略不计,不易燃和高离子电导率等,对环境、设备及人体健康损害较小[12-14]。此外,一些IL具有良好得抗微生物和抗真菌性能,将IL与膜相结合实现真正的反复回收利用和可持续发展[15-16]。
因此,本研究针对PVDF膜水通量低、易污染和细菌附着繁殖等问题,通过在PVDF膜中添加WSCR和季铵盐类IL,用相转换的方法制备共混超滤膜,本研究选用的IL为双癸基二甲基氯化铵,制备出来的共混膜对污染物具有优异的截留效果,对大肠杆菌具有高抗性能,这不仅符合绿色发展理念,也在膜污染和抗菌方面有较高的潜力。
WSCR&IL-PVDF有机-无机超滤膜的制备及性能
Preparation and properties of WSCR&IL-PVDF organic-inorganic ultrafiltration membrane
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摘要: 选择性催化还原法脱硝催化剂在使用过程中会吸附有害物质,这些有害物质随废催化剂排出,也会对周围环境造成污染,环保部在2014年将其列为危险废物,并在2016年将其纳入危险废物名录。该研究从大气处理企业回收废旧选择性催化还原法脱硝催化剂,将之与离子液体结合得到高效抗菌剂,随后利用相转化的方法将抗菌剂与聚偏氟乙烯共混制备得到高水通量的有机-无机超滤膜。通过表面接触角的测定、扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜、低压过滤实验研究了膜的亲疏水性、表面形貌和水通量大小,并对其抗污和抗菌性能进行了表征,最优配比膜M5的水通量为498.96 L·(m2·h)−1,抗菌率达到91.5%,水通量恢复率提高至74.17%,抗污性能进而提高。将废旧选择性催化还原法脱硝催化剂与膜相结合,提高膜性能的同时能够资源再利用,践行绿色发展理念。
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关键词:
- 超滤膜 /
- 抗菌 /
- 离子液体 /
- 选择性催化还原法脱硝催化剂 /
- 聚偏氟乙烯
Abstract: The selective catalytic reduction denitrification catalyst(SCR catalyst) will adsorb harmful substances during its operation, which will be discharged along with the waste catalyst and contaminate the surrounding environment. In 2014, the Ministry of Environmental Protection classified this SCR catalyst as hazardous waste, and included it in the list of hazardous waste in 2016. In this study, the waste SCR catalyst was recovered from an air treatment enterprise. Then it was combined with an ionic liquid to obtain a highly efficient antibacterial agent. Subsequently, the phase conversion method was used to prepare the organic-inorganic ultrafiltration membrane with high water flux by blending the antibacterial agent with polyvinylidene fluoride. The hydrophilicity, surface morphology, and water flux of the membranes were investigated through measurements of surface contact angle, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and low-pressure filtration experiments. Furthermore, their anti-fouling and antibacterial properties were characterized. The maximum water flux was 498.96 L·(m2·h)−1 with a high antibacterial rate of 91.5%. Additionally, the water flux recovery rate increased to 79.79%, and the anti-fouling performance was further enhanced. The waste SCR catalyst is integrated with the membrane, thereby enhancing membrane performance and promoting resource recycling, aligning with the principles of green development.-
Key words:
- ultrafiltration membrane /
- antibiosis /
- ionic liquid /
- SCR catalyst /
- PVDF
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表 1 实验所用主要化学试剂
Table 1. Main chemical reagents used in the experiment
试剂名称 英文全称及简写 纯度/规格 生产厂家 聚偏氟乙烯 polyvinylidene difluoride(PVDF) 分析纯 麦克林试剂有限公司 N,N—二甲基乙酰胺 N,N—dimethylacetamide(DMAc) 分析纯 阿拉丁生化试剂有限公司 聚乙烯吡咯烷酮 polyvinylpyrrolidone k30(PVP-k30) 分析纯 阿拉丁生化试剂有限公司 双癸基二甲基氯化铵 didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride 分析纯 上海皓鸿生物医药科技有限公司 牛血清蛋白 bovine albumin(BSA) 分析纯 阿拉丁生化试剂有限公司 腐殖酸 humic acid(HA) 分析纯 国药集团化学试剂有限公司 十二烷基硫酸钠 sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS) 分析纯 国药集团化学试剂有限公司 表 2 不同配比的铸膜液
Table 2. Casting liquid with different proportions
膜编号 WSCR(质量百分比)/% IL(质量百分比)/% M0 0 0 M1 3.0 0 M2 5.0 0 M3 5.0 2.0 M4 5.0 6.0 M5 5.0 8.0 表 3 WSCR棒状结构和块状结构所含元素
Table 3. Elements contained in rod-like structure and block-like structure of WSCR catalyst
棒状结构 块状结构 元素 含量占比/% 元素 含量占比/% O 49.2 O 46.9 Si 25.4 Ti 32.1 Ca 15.7 C 11.9 Al 8.0 Ce 3.6 Ti 1.6 La 2.1 Mo 0.1 Si 1.2 V 0 Al 0.8 Mo 0.4 Fe 0.3 V 0.3 Mg 0.3 表 4 WSCR&IL-PVDF膜孔隙率以及平均孔径
Table 4. WSCR&IL-PVDF membrane porosity and average pore size
膜样品 厚度/μm 孔隙率/% 平均孔径/nm M0 400 50.38±2.52 8.80±0.44 M1 400 77.38±3.87 8.28±0.41 M2 400 81.13±4.06 8.23±0.41 M3 400 74.50±3.73 9.06±0.45 M4 400 76.08±3.80 9.80±0.49 M5 400 79.81±3.99 9.45±0.47 -
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