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随着我国工业化和城镇化进程的加速发展,工业结构调整和空间格局重构导致大批污染企业搬迁、改造或关闭,在城市及其周边地区遗留千万公顷污染场地,严重威胁居民健康和环境安全[1-4]。由于氯代烃、石油烃等有机污染物的溶解度较低,通常以非水相液体 (NAPLs) 存在于地下土水环境中并迁移形成污染羽。当存在有低渗透地层时,会在低渗透地层上形成污染池,并通过扩散作用或者天然裂隙侵入低渗透地层,形成持久性污染源[5]。现有抽提、氧化等原位修复技术[6-8]可以有效修复低渗透介质层上的污染池,但受限于物质传输速率,低渗透介质内的污染物难以被去除,导致修复反弹[5, 9-10]。因此,低渗透污染地层的修复是当前污染场地修复的重大挑战。
为了提升低渗透污染地层的渗透性,可以引入石油开采行业的压裂技术形成缝网结构,提升物质传输速率[11-13],与多相抽提技术形成协同工作模式,实现高效去除[14-16]。目前,国内外学者已针对压裂协同抽提修复技术开展了一系列研究。MURDOCH等[17]以未压裂抽提井为空白对照,设置2个压裂抽提井,发现压裂前后抽提流量提高了13~31倍,随着流动相和非流动相之间物质传质速率的增大,污染物去除率提高675%[18],论证了水力压裂与抽提协同的有效性。为了进一步揭示压裂对气相抽提的影响机制,SCHULENBERG和REEVES[19]建立了压裂协同气相抽提轴对称模型,发现裂隙长度对污染物去除率的敏感性不如裂隙渗透率;CHEN等[20]利用TMVOC代码和MINC方法,建立了双孔隙介质压裂协同热强化抽提数值模型,同样发现基质渗透率的敏感性远大于抽提压力、裂隙间距和孔径;BRANDNER和MURDOCH[21]利用数值模型,参考石油行业开采井的标量评价指标流动速率,定义裂隙有效流通率,量化评价裂隙对污染物去除率的影响。在试验方面,TZOVOLOU等[22]以砂层等效水力压裂裂缝,利用模型试验论证了裂缝中对蒸汽修复效率的强化作用,去除率可达77%,同时他们也在现场试验中论证了压裂协同生物通风修复低渗透污染土的技术有效性和经济性[23]。针对埋深9~12 m的污染低渗冰川土,CUSHMAN等[24]通过试验发现压裂后的多相抽提效率是压裂前的6倍;NILSSON等[25]则通过低渗污染场地的压裂协同抽提中试试验,发现气/水/非水相污染物均被负压抽提,而总NAPL的质量去除率达到30%。虽然,目前污染场地的压裂协同抽提修复的技术有效性均得到了试验和数值仿真的论证,但是现有研究仍主要以尝试为主,并将污染物去除率作为主要评价指标,缺乏对压裂增渗强化污染物去除机理的深入研究,特别是孔隙-裂隙介质中的优势渗流规律。
为此,本研究首先建立孔隙-裂隙介质中多相抽提数值模型,利用COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS软件进行求解,以低渗透污染地层污染程度、压裂缝网特征参数 (裂隙长度、厚度和渗透率) 开展单因素和多因素参数化分析,探究压裂缝网对低渗透NAPL污染地层多相抽提效率的影响机制。
压裂缝网特征对低渗透NAPL污染地层抽提效率的影响机制
Mechanism of fracture network characteristics on extraction efficiency in low-permeability NAPL-contaminated formations
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摘要: 水力压裂可以有效改善低渗透污染地层物质传输速率低的难题,提升修复效率。采用大型多物理场耦合仿真软件COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS模拟低渗污染地层压裂协同抽提修复,分析不同压裂缝网特征对低渗透非水相液体 (NAPLs) 污染地层抽提效率的影响机制。结果表明,压裂缝网可以有效提升抽提效率,模拟工况的提升率可达42%,且污染物去除率均随着裂隙厚度、长度和渗透率的增加而提高,裂隙渗透率是最主要的影响因素。通过缝网特征参数的耦合分析发现,当裂隙渗透率kf/k大于100时,污染物去除率呈先增加后波动降低的趋势,且当裂隙长度为1.5 m时,去除效果最佳,这是因为当裂隙上层污染物被去除后,裂隙长度的促进作用会大幅衰减。因此,当裂隙设置于污染地层的下部,更有利于污染物的去除。Abstract: Hydraulic fracturing, which can improve substance transport, offers an effective solution to the challenge of remediating low-permeability contaminated formations. This study employed COMSOL Multiphysics, a large-scale multi-physics coupled simulation software, to simulate hydraulic fracturing-assisted extraction of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) in low permeability formations. The influence of different fracture network characteristics on the extraction efficiency was analyzed. The results demonstrate that the extraction efficiency can be significantly enhanced by the fracture network, with an improvement rate over 42% and the removal rate of pollutants increases with fracture thickness, length, and permeability, with the fracture permeability being the primary influencing factor. Through coupling analysis of fracture network parameters, it was observed that when the ratio of fracture permeability (kf) to matrix permeability (k) exceeds 100, the removal rate of pollutants initially increases, then fluctuates before declining. Additionally, the optimal removal effect was achieved with a fracture length of 1.5 m. This phenomenon can be attributed to the substantial attenuation of the promoting effect of fracture length after the removal of pollutants from the upper layer of the fracture. Hence, locating the fracture network in the lower part of the contaminated formation is more advantageous for pollutant removal.
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Key words:
- low-permeability /
- contaminated formations /
- fracture network /
- NAPL /
- extraction
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表 1 模型相关参数
Table 1. Parameters used in the numerical model
模型参数名称 符号 取值 单位 土体孔隙率 $ \varepsilon $ 0.32 1 土体固有渗透率 $ k $ 1×10−13 m2 土体干密度 $ \rho $ 1 600 kg·m−3 水的密度 $ {\rho _{\text{w}}} $ 1 000 kg·m−3 水的粘度 $ {\mu _w} $ 1×10−3 Pa·s 水的残余饱和度 $ {S_{rw}} $ 0.007 2 1 NAPL的密度 $ {\rho _{nw}} $ 1 460 kg·m−3 NAPL的粘度 $ {\mu _{{\text{n}}w}} $ 5.8×10−3 Pa·s NAPL的相对分子质量 M 131 g·mol−1 NAPL的残余饱和度[31] $ {S_{rnw}} $ 0 1 NAPL溶解相分子扩散系数[32] $ D_e^w $ 1.31×10−6 cm2·s−1 NAPL溶解相的纵向弥散系数 $ \alpha _L^w $ 0.5 m NAPL溶解相的横向弥散系数 $ \alpha _T^w $ 0.05 m K-S-P本构参数 $ \alpha $ 3.58 m−1 K-S-P本构参数 l 0.5 1 K-S-P本构参数 n 3.136 5 1 K-S-P本构参数 m 1-1/n 1 裂隙的孔隙率 $ {\varepsilon _f} $ 0.5 1 裂隙的固有渗透率 $ {k_f}/k $ 100 1 裂隙的厚度 $ {d_f} $ 0.03 m 裂隙的长度 $ {L_f} $ 1.5 m 抽提压力 $ {p_{puit}} $ −50 kPa 筛口过滤的等效流动阻力[16] $ {L_x} $ 5 cm -
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