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莫诺拉韦(Molnupiravir)和巴瑞替尼(Baricitinib)是常见的抗病毒药物[1]. 其中,莫诺拉韦具有广谱的抗RNA病毒活性,对新型冠状病毒也有显著抑制作用;巴瑞替尼是口服选择性JAK1/2 抑制剂,具有抗癌、免疫调节和抗炎活性. 自新冠肺炎疫情爆发以来,莫诺拉韦和巴瑞替尼迅速被许多国家纳入疾病治疗指南,并大量投入到新冠肺炎患者的治疗当中. 莫诺拉韦和巴瑞替尼等抗病毒药物可通过医疗应用、药物处置和不完全代谢等途径进入天然水体,导致药物在污水中的浓度升高[2]. 在水生环境中的质量浓度范围在ng·L−1—μg·L−1[3]. 这些药物的持续排放不仅会威胁生态环境健康,还会对城市生活饮用水安全构成潜在风险[4]. 因此,迫切需要探索去除水生环境中残留莫诺拉韦、巴瑞替尼的新技术.
传统的污水处理方法(如混凝、沉淀、过滤和消毒)对其去除效果有限[5]. Kuroda[6]的研究表明,传统污水处理厂对羟氯喹(Hydroxychloroquine)、瑞德西韦(Remdesivir)、利巴韦林(Ribavirin)等抗新冠肺炎药物及其代谢物的去除率小于20%. 近年来,高级氧化工艺(AOPs)因其具有将人为和生物难降解有机物转化为矿物质的潜力而越来越普遍地应用于饮用水消毒及污染物质的去除[7]. 紫外辐射具有提高自由基量子产率以及降低其选择性的能力. 因此,将紫外辐射结合氧化剂在AOPs中产生活性氧自由基已成为一种常用的催化活化方法[8]. 紫外/过氧化氢(UV/H2O2)和紫外/过硫酸盐(UV/PDS)可以有效降解药品和个人护理产品(PPCPs),具有高效、低耗的特点[9]. 然而,在极大促进污染物去除的同时,也出现了一些局限性,比如:UV/H2O2体系中H2O2难以消耗完全,因此需要一定的后续工艺来清理残留物,由此会造成成本的增加[10];而UV/PDS体系中,活性物质的产率低限制了其在水处理中的应用[11]. 紫外/氯工艺因其具有明显的节能优势和较高的吸光度、量子产率和氯残留,目前已被广泛应用于饮用水的消毒和循环水的净化[12].
一般来说,常规的氯化物包括次氯酸盐和单氯胺. Wang等[13]将传统的紫外/氯工艺(紫外/次氯酸盐(UV/HClO)、紫外/单氯胺(UV/NH2Cl))在成本效益、吸光度、自由基产率、去除新污染物效率方面与紫外/二氯异氰尿酸盐(UV/Dichloroisocyanurate, NaDCC)体系进行了对比. 结果表明,使用UV/NaDCC在纯水中实现ECs去除的成本比使用UV/HClO低4%—53%,比使用UV/NH2Cl低75%—95%,而使用UV/NaDCC在实际水中实现新污染物(ECs)去除的成本比使用UV/HClO低26%—91%,比使用UV/NH2Cl低89%—96%;与HClO和NH2Cl相比,NaDCC是一种平衡良好的化合物,具有较强的紫外吸收能力和中等的量子产率;UV/NaDCC覆盖了UV/HClO工艺中的所有自由基,且大多数自由基浓度在UV/NaDCC中显著高于其他紫外/氯工艺;在去除新污染物效率方面,UV/NaDCC在多种水基质中的降解性能优于传统的紫外/氯工艺,具有优异的降解效率. 该研究为水中污染物的去除提供了一个新的研究方向,但是在实验中验证该体系对抗病毒药物的降解往往耗时耗力,因此本研究以模型预测的方式探究了莫诺拉韦、巴瑞替尼在紫外/二氯异氰尿酸盐体系下的降解路径及中间产物的毒性.
本研究以UV/NaDCC作为降解体系,采用Gaussian和Multiwfn计算了莫诺拉韦、巴瑞替尼的福井函数及简缩双描述符,预测了其在UV/NaDCC体系下的反应位点及降解路径,采用毒性评估软件ECOSAR、T.E.S.T.对莫诺拉韦、巴瑞替尼及其降解中间体和产物的急性毒性、慢性毒性、生物蓄积性、发育毒性进行定量构效关系(QSAR)预测.
紫外/二氯异氰尿酸盐体系对水中抗病毒药物降解路径及降解产物毒性分析
Analysis of degradation pathways and toxicity of degradation products of antiviral drugs in water by UV/Dichloroisocyanurate process
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摘要: 紫外/二氯异氰尿酸盐体系(UV/NaDCC)是一种新兴的高级氧化工艺,通过产生羟基自由基(·OH)和含氯自由基(Cl·,ClO·和Cl2·−)等活性物质降解水中持久性有机污染物. 莫诺拉韦和巴瑞替尼是用于治疗新冠肺炎等的抗病毒类药物,大量生产和使用导致其通过各环境介质排放进入天然水体,威胁水环境和水质安全. 因此,迫切需要探索高效绿色降解莫诺拉韦和巴瑞替尼的新技术. 本研究采用密度泛函理论,通过福井函数、简缩双描述符预测了UV/NaDCC体系中莫诺拉韦和巴瑞替尼易发生反应的位点及其降解路径;通过ECOSAR和T.E.S.T程序预测降解产物毒性变化. 结果表明,莫诺拉韦中O21、N20及巴瑞替尼中C20、C21更易受到UV/NaDCC产生的含氯自由基和·OH攻击. ECOSAR预测结果显示,部分降解产物表现出比母体物质更高的毒性水平,因此在UV/NaDCC实际应用于抗病毒药物的降解中应关注有毒中间产物的去除. T.E.S.T预测结果表明,多数降解产物生物蓄积性和发育毒性均有所降低. 研究成果对UV/NaDCC高级氧化技术对水中抗病毒药物的无害化去除机制和实际应用提供理论依据.Abstract: UV/Dichloroisocyanurate (UV/NaDCC) process is an emerging advanced oxidation process for degrading persistent organic pollutants in aquatic environments by efficiently generating various reactive species such as hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and reactive chlorine species (including Cl·, ClO·, and Cl2·−). Monoravir and Baricitinib are antiviral drugs used to treat COVID-19 pneumonia, which could be inevitably released into natural water via various environmental media due to their extensive production and usage, and then threaten the aquatic environment and water quality safety. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new technologies for efficiently degrading Monolavir and Baricitinib. In this study, the susceptible reaction sites and degradation pathways of Molnupiravir and Baricitinib were investigated and proposed on the basis of density functional theory, Fukui function, and Condensed dual descriptor, and the toxicity changes of the degradation products were evaluated by ECOSAR and T.E.S.T. programs. The results showed that O21 and N20 in Molnupiravir and C20 and C21 in Baricitinib were more susceptible to attack by RCSs and ·OH produced by UV/NaDCC. ECOSAR predictions showed that some degradation products exhibited higher toxicity than their parent substance, so the removal of toxic intermediates should be concerned in the application of UV/NaDCC for the degradation of antiviral medications. T.E.S.T predictions indicated that the Bioconcentration factor and Developmental Toxicity of most degradation products were reduced. The results provide a theoretical basis for the harmless removal mechanism and practical application of UV/NaDCC advanced oxidation technology to antiviral medications in water.
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Key words:
- UV/NaDCC /
- degradation pathway /
- product toxicity /
- density functional theory /
- Molnupiravir /
- Baricitinib.
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表 1 莫诺拉韦福井函数值
Table 1. FuKui function of Molnupiravir
Atom q(N) q(N+1) q(N−1) f − f + f 0 1(C) −0.0845 −0.0901 −0.0796 0.0049 0.0056 0.0052 2(C) −0.0123 −0.0192 −0.0062 0.0061 0.0069 0.0065 3(C) −0.0797 −0.0884 −0.0747 0.0050 0.0086 0.0068 4(C) 0.2153 0.1667 0.2325 0.0172 0.0487 0.0329 5(O) −0.2707 −0.3152 −0.2203 0.0503 0.0445 0.0474 6(O) −0.1362 −0.1553 −0.1212 0.0150 0.0191 0.0170 7(C) 0.0305 0.0289 0.0333 0.0028 0.0017 0.0022 8(C) 0.0600 0.0534 0.0683 0.0083 0.0066 0.0074 9(C) 0.0481 0.0424 0.0604 0.0123 0.0056 0.0090 10(C) 0.0413 0.0384 0.0530 0.0118 0.0029 0.0073 11(C) 0.1036 0.0976 0.1164 0.0128 0.0059 0.0094 12(O) −0.1684 −0.1698 −0.1522 0.0163 0.0014 0.0088 13(N) −0.0240 −0.0657 0.0317 0.0557 0.0418 0.0487 14(C) 0.0404 −0.0844 0.0803 0.0399 0.1248 0.0824 15(C) −0.0921 −0.1503 −0.0151 0.0770 0.0581 0.0676 16(C) 0.1082 0.0310 0.1277 0.0195 0.0772 0.0483 17(N) −0.2017 −0.2597 −0.1738 0.0279 0.0580 0.0429 18(C) 0.1896 0.1645 0.2086 0.0190 0.0251 0.0220 19(O) −0.2926 −0.3475 −0.2412 0.0514 0.0550 0.0532 20(N) −0.0087 −0.0665 0.0822 0.0909 0.0577 0.0743 21(O) −0.1818 −0.2411 −0.0695 0.1123 0.0593 0.0858 22(O) −0.2376 −0.2555 −0.2062 0.0315 0.0179 0.0247 23(O) −0.2492 −0.2631 −0.2002 0.0490 0.0139 0.0314 表 2 巴瑞替尼福井函数值
Table 2. FuKui function of Baricitinib
Atom q(N) q(N+1) q(N−1) f − f + f 0 1(N) −0.1191 −0.1405 −0.1120 0.0071 0.0215 0.0143 2(C) −0.0098 −0.0184 −0.0066 0.0032 0.0086 0.0059 3(C) 0.0732 0.0684 0.0739 0.0008 0.0048 0.0028 4(C) −0.0086 −0.0205 −0.0019 0.0067 0.0119 0.0093 5(C) 0.0685 0.0613 0.0708 0.0023 0.0072 0.0047 6(C) −0.0201 −0.0293 −0.0141 0.0060 0.0093 0.0076 7(N) −0.1977 −0.2355 −0.1635 0.0342 0.0378 0.0360 8(N) 0.0325 0.0128 0.0747 0.0422 0.0197 0.0309 9(N) −0.1399 −0.1689 −0.0904 0.0495 0.0290 0.0392 10(C) −0.0001 −0.0222 0.0422 0.0423 0.0220 0.0322 11(C) −0.0480 −0.0650 −0.0043 0.0437 0.0170 0.0303 12(C) −0.0050 −0.0521 0.0325 0.0375 0.0471 0.0423 13(C) 0.0694 0.0245 0.1278 0.0584 0.0449 0.0517 14(N) −0.1955 −0.2647 −0.1264 0.0691 0.0692 0.0692 15(C) 0.0867 0.0626 0.1198 0.0331 0.0241 0.0286 16(C) −0.0433 −0.0637 −0.0132 0.0301 0.0204 0.0253 17(C) 0.0649 0.0074 0.0995 0.0346 0.0575 0.0460 18(N) −0.1783 −0.2157 −0.1402 0.0382 0.0374 0.0378 19(N) −0.0560 −0.0788 −0.0155 0.0405 0.0228 0.0316 20(C) −0.0872 −0.1100 −0.0206 0.0666 0.0228 0.0447 21(C) −0.0011 −0.0596 0.0848 0.0859 0.0585 0.0722 22(S) 0.4869 0.4517 0.4949 0.0080 0.0351 0.0216 23(O) −0.3275 −0.3782 −0.3058 0.0217 0.0506 0.0362 24(O) −0.3377 −0.3862 −0.3203 0.0174 0.0485 0.0329 25(C) −0.0090 −0.0361 −0.0020 0.0070 0.0271 0.0171 26(C) −0.0796 −0.0874 −0.0770 0.0026 0.0078 0.0052 表 3 莫诺拉韦和巴瑞替尼简缩双描述符及等值面图
Table 3. Condensed dual descriptor and Isosurface of Molnupiravir and Baricitinib
(a) Atom CDD Atom CDD 1(C) 0.0007 22(O) −0.0136 2(C) 0.0008 23(O) −0.0352 3(C) 0.0036 24(H) 0.0015 4(C) 0.0315 25(H) 0.0009 5(O) −0.0059 26(H) 0.0007 6(O) 0.0040 27(H) 0.0041 7(C) −0.0011 28(H) 0.0030 8(C) −0.0017 29(H) 0.0043 9(C) −0.0067 30(H) 0.0019 10(C) −0.0089 31(H) −0.0022 11(C) −0.0069 32(H) −0.0010 12(O) −0.0149 33(H) −0.0016 13(N) −0.0140 34(H) −0.0106 14(C) 0.0849 35(H) −0.008 15(C) −0.0189 36(H) −0.0075 16(C) 0.0577 37(H) 0.0239 17(N) 0.0301 38(H) 0.0031 18(C) 0.0062 39(H) −0.0036 19(O) 0.0036 40(H) −0.0082 20(N) −0.0332 41(H) −0.0034 21(O) −0.0529 42(H) −0.0068 (b) Atom CDD Atom CDD 1(N) 0.0144 22(S) 0.0271 2(C) 0.0054 23(O) 0.0289 3(C) 0.0040 24(O) 0.0312 4(C) 0.0051 25(C) 0.0201 5(C) 0.0049 26(C) 0.0052 6(C) 0.0033 27(H) 0.0029 7(N) 0.0037 28(H) 0.0070 8(N) −0.0225 29(H) 0.0043 9(N) −0.0205 30(H) 0.0057 10(C) −0.0203 31(H) 0.0041 11(C) −0.0267 32(H) 0.0049 12(C) 0.0096 33(H) −0.0056 13(C) −0.0135 34(H) 0.0015 14(N) 0.0001 35(H) −0.0042 15(C) −0.0089 36(H) −0.0073 16(C) −0.0097 37(H) −0.0139 17(C) 0.0229 38(H) −0.0078 18(N) −0.0008 39(H) 0.0082 19(N) −0.0178 40(H) 0.0091 20(C) −0.0439 41(H) 0.0081 21(C) −0.0274 42(H) 0.0054 -
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