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社会经济的快速发展和城市化进程加速推动了污泥体量的增加,2022年我国干污泥产量已达到1300万吨以上[1 − 2]. 同时,污泥富含丰富的磷、矿物质和有机质,具有较高的资源化前景[3 − 4]. 污泥热解是指在缺氧或者无氧条件下,将污泥加热至一定温度使得污泥发生有机质裂解、水分挥发、小分子聚合等热化学反应,最终转化为气态、液态和固态(生物炭)[5 − 7]. 在热解过程中,随着有机物的裂解和小分子物质的挥发,污泥中的磷(P)、钾(K)等营养元素得到有效的富集,并且重金属可以生成硅铝结合态化合物,从而实现重金属的惰性转变[8 − 12].
污泥单独热解生成的生物炭具有比表面积较小、孔隙结构不完善、对土壤的改良效益不明显的问题,通过添加共热解物质、调整污泥热解参数等方法可以优化污泥基生物炭的土壤改良特性[13 − 15]. 污泥共热解的添加物包括生物质、碱土金属、塑料等,调节热解参数例如温度、时间和气氛[16 − 18]. 以秸秆为代表的生物质添加物可以提高混合物有机质含量、增强生成的污泥基生物炭的芳香结构,并且污泥中重金属可通过与生物质中的矿物成分结合、惰性转变等方式降低其生物活性[19]. 以氧化钙为代表的碱土金属与污泥共热解,可促使污泥中的磷转化为羟基磷酸钙的形式从而提高其有效磷的转化效率[20]. 以聚氯乙烯(PVC)为代表的塑料添加物,会促使污泥中重金属转变为金属氯化物的形态,使其在热解过程更容易挥发[21 − 22]. 以上污泥共热解方法以不同的机制有效提高了污泥基生物炭的物化特性使得其具备一定的土壤改良特性[23].
我国土壤污染严重,酸性土壤主要分布于中国南方、约占陆域面积的30%以上[24],有机污染土壤和重金属污染土壤主要与制药厂、工厂和农用地相关,总体呈现南方污染高于北方、东部发达地区高于中部地区,且二者呈现出明显的复合污染特征[25]. 污泥基生物炭可以从多方面对污染土壤起到改良作用,一方面污泥的碱性可有效中和土壤中的酸性、稳定土壤中的活性金属/重金属[26];另一方面,污泥基生物炭的多孔性质可改善污染土壤的结构和持水能力并为微生物的生长提供寄居场所. 最重要的,P是一种不可再生资源,污泥基生物炭中富含以P为代表的植物和微生物生长必须的矿物营养成分,不仅可提高土壤肥力、改善土壤品质也可以实现不可再生资源的回收利用[27]. 因此,污泥基生物炭应用于土壤改良具有良好的发展前景.
现有的对生物炭土壤改良的综述文章大多是技术成熟且已经投入市场应用的生物质类等生物炭,而对污泥基生物炭作为改良剂的相关机理探究还不够充足,缺乏对污泥定向热解和污泥基生物炭对土壤修复作用机制的分析和研究. 具体来说,一方面,污泥与不同物质在共热解过程中的相互作用机制,共热解条件因素对污泥重金属以及P的迁移转化影响还不够清晰;另一方面,污泥基生物炭的物化性质对土壤肥力、pH、微生物以及碳平衡等的作用效应还需要进行系统的分析评估. 因此,本综述拟基于国内外污泥的热解方法、污泥基生物炭物化性质演变及其土壤回用效果的最新研究进行深入的探讨与分析. 通过分析污泥基生物炭的热解制备及土壤回用效应的研究现状,明确不同热解工艺对重金属、P迁移转化的影响机制以及土壤回用过程中的增益作用,指导和丰富污泥基生物炭的定向热解和土壤改良机制的研究,为我国污泥资源化处置提供基础研究数据.
污泥共热解制备污泥基生物炭及其在土壤回用中的改良效益
Directional pyrolysis of sludge to prepare sludge-based biochar with soil improvement function
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摘要: 随着全球污泥产量的快速增长,对其的资源化处置是亟待解决的现实问题. 相较于传统的填埋以及新型的焚烧工艺,污泥热解可实现污泥的无害化、减量化并生成具有土壤改良潜力的污泥基生物炭,是污泥处理的一种较优选择. 本文以市政污泥为研究对象,全面综述了污泥不同热解方法对生成污泥基生物炭的物化性质和其对土壤改良效应的影响,重点介绍了污泥中磷和重金属在不同热解工艺中的迁移转化机制,污泥基生物炭对土壤物化性质的影响机理、对污染土壤的修复机制、对土壤中微生物和微生物酶等的作用机制. 通过以上分析,能够以此为理论支撑指导制备具有定向改良土壤功能的污泥基生物炭. 本综述将有助于污泥定向热解制备污泥基生物炭的进一步发展,为污泥基生物炭土壤改良提供理论参考和支持.Abstract: With the rapid growth of global sludge production, how to recycle it into resource is an urgent realistic problem. Compared with traditional direct landfill disposal and incineration, pyrolysis of sewage sludge is a superior disposal method not only because it can realize the harmlessness and reduction of sludge, but also can generate sludge biochar, which has potential value for soil improvement. In this paper, the effects of different pyrolysis methods on sludge properties and soil improvement effects were comprehensively reviewed. The migration and transformation mechanisms of phosphorus and heavy metals in pyrolysis of sewage sludge, the effects of sewage sludge biochar on soil characteristics, the remediation mechanisms of sewage sludge biochar on heavy metal and organic contaminated soil, and the effects of sewage sludge biochar on soil microorganisms and microbial enzymes were mainly introduced. Through the above analysis, this can be used as a theoretical support to guide the preparation of sludge-based biochar with the function of directional soil improvement. This review will contribute to the further studies of tailored pyrolysis of sewage sludge, and provide theoretical reference and support for using sewage sludge biochar in soil improvement.
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表 1 不同添加物对磷、重金属形态以及产率的影响
Table 1. Effects of different additives on phosphorus and heavy metal speciation and yield
共热解添加物
Co-pyrolysis
additives污泥/
生物质
Sludge/
biomass热解
温度/℃
Pyrolysis
temperature升温速率/
(℃·min−1)
Heating rate热解
时长/h
Soaking
timeH/C O/C pH 产率/%
Yield磷、重金属
存在形态
Forms of
phosphorus
and heavy
metals比表面积/
(m2·g−1)
Specific
surface
area参考文献
Reference生物质 食物残渣 3:1 550 10 1 0.06 0.41 8.70 65.70 — 18.95 [30] 2:2 0.05 0.56 8.60 69.50 18.74 1:3 0.08 1.00 8.70 73.10 21.99 木屑 9:1 500 — 2 0.21 0.30 9.30 60.10 PbAl2O4、CdAl2O4 — [31] 7:3 0.09 0.09 9.20 50.70 — 5:5 0.08 0.03 9.10 44.10 — 棉花秸秆 9:1 650 — 2 0.86 — 9.40 57.50 — 23.75 [32] 7:3 0.69 — 9.30 51.00 25.50 5:5 0.60 — 9.20 45.00 31.25 3:7 0.55 — 9.10 38.00 31.75 1:9 0.48 — 9.00 32.50 33.75 碱土金属 CaO Ca/P=1.41 700 10 2 — — — — Ca5(PO4)3OH — [33] Ca/P=1.67 Ca/P=1.91 CaO/Fe2O3 Fe2O3/
CaO=4:1450 — — — — — — Ca(AsO2)2 — [34] 650 — 850 8.97 磷酸盐 K3PO4 1:5 500 10 3 0.11 — 11.10 49.70 KMgPO4、K4P2O7、KCaPO4 — [36] 塑料 聚氯乙烯 19:1 400 10 2 0.88 0.53 4.00 70.70 金属氯化物 — [37] 3:1 0.73 0.37 2.90 62.00 1:3 0.99 0.22 2.90 36.40 载金属聚氯乙烯 19:1 0.90 0.61 7.00 72.40 — 3:1 1.84 0.84 7.20 73.30 1:3 2.76 0.91 10.90 73.80 表 2 热解温度对污泥基生物炭孔隙结构的影响
Table 2. Effect of pyrolysis temperature on the pore structure of sludge-based biochar
热解物质
Pyrolysis material热解温度/℃
Pyrolysis temperature升温速率/(℃·min−1)
Heating rate热解时长/h
Soaking timepH 孔隙结构
Pore structure参考文献
Reference污泥 700 25 5 — 平均孔径 6.61 nm
比表面积 54.05 m2·g−1[44] 污泥 500 25 5 — 平均孔径 9.28 nm
比表面积 31.81 m2·g−1污泥/柳木=8:2 700 10 3 12.5 比表面积 99.0 m2·g−1 [45] 污泥/柳木=6:4 700 10 3 12.5 比表面积 104.1 m2·g−1 污泥/棉花秸秆=1:9 650 — 2 9 平均孔径为3—4 nm
比表面 ~33 m2·g−1
总孔体积 ~0.071 m3·g−1[48] 污泥/棉花秸秆=3:7 650 — 2 9 平均孔径为3—4 nm
比表面 ~33 m2·g−1
总孔体积 ~0.065 m3·g−1 -
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