-
目前我国大部分变电站通常建设在远离城市的市政设施较差的城市郊区或农村地区,导致生活污水无法接入城市污水管网统一收集处理[1],多数变电站污水处理设施陈旧,弃用现象严重,造成污水随意排放,污染环境[2-3]。随着我国变电站智能化建设工作的深入推进,站内工作人员数量锐减,导致全天用水量较少、不稳定,且污染物浓度变化较大,传统污水处理工艺难以满足新形势下污水处理达标排放和节约能源的需求[4-5],基于此,急需研发出一种适用于小水量、分散式生活污水高效处理的新型工艺。
结合文献查阅与实际调研结果,目前我国已建变电站污水处理工艺主要有3种形式:1) 生物处理,代表工艺为化粪池、MBR等,优点为经济效益高、易于安装、操作简单等;2) 生态处理,代表工艺为人工湿地、土地渗滤等,优点为运行成本低、景观效应强、资源化利用程度高等;3) 生物+生态组合处理,代表工艺为生物接触氧化+人工湿地、厌氧+稳定塘等,优点为出水稳定性强、去除效率高等[6-7]。然而,随着美丽乡村工程的深入推进以及污水排放标准的日渐严格,单一使用生物或生态处理的弊端凸显出来,受温度影响大、处理效率降低、膜污染、滤料饱和等,因此,组合处理工艺受到了越来越多研究学者们的关注。国外对于小水量生活污水处理技术的研究,同样以组合工艺为主,SAEED等[8]将生物反应器化粪池与浮动人工湿地相结合,应用于孟加拉国当地农村生活污水处理工程中;BILGIN等[9]将活性污泥法和垂直潜流人工湿地处理工艺相结合,用以处理土耳其某村生活污水。经前期对水质检测后的结果显示,污染物TP的浓度较高,故要选择合适的TP强化去除技术,电解除磷技术因其处理效率高,无需外加药剂,无需考虑温度的影响,几乎不产生有害副产物,适用于分散式生活污水中TP的去除。
因此,为了满足变电站生活污水排放管理要求,借鉴农村分散式生活污水处理的经验[10-11],创新设计出了一种效果明显、操作简单、管理方便、造价和能耗低的污水组合处理工艺。该新型组合工艺具有出水稳定性强、处理效率高、无人值守、运行成本低、安装方式灵活等特点,不仅为北方低温地区小水量、分散式变电站生活污水的高效处理及回用提供了理论指导和技术支撑,而且对践行乡村振兴战略、实现偏远地区水环境的全面治理具有重大的现实意义。
多级A/O-电解除磷-生态净化组合工艺在变电站生活污水处理中的工程应用
Engineering application of multi-stage A/O-electric dephosph-orization-ecological purification combined process treatment domestic wastewater in transformer substation
-
摘要: 辽宁省某变电站生活污水处理工程为研究对象,采用多级A/O-电解除磷-生态净化池组合工艺用于变电站实际生活废水处理;同时分析该组合系统在污染物去除、运行维护等方面的特点。实际运行情况表明:该工艺对COD、SS、NH4+-N、TP的平均去除率均达到了90%以上的较好效果,各项出水指标均满足辽宁省地方排放标准 (DB 21/1627-2008《污水综合排放标准》) 中的排放要求;电解除磷最优技术参数为电压24 V、极板间距4 cm、电解时间12 h。此外,该组合工艺运行成本低,吨水成本仅为0.62元,且自动化程度高,安装方式灵活,同样适用于北方寒冷地区。本研究结果可为变电站生活污水处理工程提供设计经验与工程案例参考。Abstract: This paper taked a substation domestic wastewater treatment project in Liaoning Province as an example, adopting multi-stage A/O-electrolytic dephosphorization-ecological purification tank combination process for the actual domestic wastewater treatment of the substation; at the same time, analyzing the characteristics of this combination system in terms of pollutant removal, operation and maintenance. The operation results showed that the average removal rates of COD, SS, NH4+-N and TP of the process were more than 90%, all effluent indicators meeted the discharge requirements of the local discharge standards of Liaoning Province (DB 21/1627-2008 “Comprehensive Sewage Discharge Standards”). The voltage of 24 V, the plate spacing of 4 cm, and the electrolysis time of 12 h were the optimal parameter combinations of the electro phosphorus technology under this combined process. In addition, the combined process had low operating cost, the cost of a ton of water was only 0.62 yuan, and the degree of automation was high, the installation method was flexible, and it was also suitable for cold areas in the north. The results of this study can provide design experience and engineering case reference for substation domestic sewage treatment project.
-
表 1 设计进、出水水质
Table 1. Design water quality of influent and effluent
指标 COD/
(mg·L−1)NH4+-N/
(mg·L−1)SS/
(mg·L−1)TP/
(mg·L−1)进水 ≤400 ≤75 ≤300 ≤6 出水 ≤50 ≤8(10) ≤20 ≤0.5 注:括号外数值为水温>12 ℃时的控制指标,括号内数值为水温≤12 ℃时的控制指标。 -
[1] 蔡兴初, 张捷. 变电站生活污水生态化处理工艺[J]. 电力勘测设计, 2011(6): 51-53. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-9913.2011.06.014 [2] 郭季璞, 张欣宜, 马悦红, 等. 变电站污水竖管降膜蒸发性能研究[J]. 给水排水, 2022, 58(S1): 871-876. [3] 曾媛, 严青, 王琳杰. 农村变电站生活污水处理现状与探讨[J]. 环境与发展, 2020, 32(1): 43-44. doi: 10.16647/j.cnki.cn15-1369/X.2020.01.020 [4] 刘克成, 范辉, 高燕宁. 好氧颗粒污泥MBR工艺处理变电站生活污水性能分析[J]. 环境工程, 2021, 39(9): 31-36. doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202109005 [5] POPA C. Impact of substations equipment to the environment[J]. International Journal of Global Warming, 2020, 21(2): 155-172. doi: 10.1504/IJGW.2020.108176 [6] 黄学平. 地埋式一体化生物接触氧化工艺处理变电站生活污水[J]. 中国给水排水, 2010, 26(20): 113-115. doi: 10.19853/j.zgjsps.1000-4602.2010.20.030 [7] 何晓芳, 李向阳, 王小峰, 等. MBR一体化工艺处理水源地农村生活污水应用实例[J]. 水处理技术, 2022, 48(10): 149-152. doi: 10.16796/j.cnki.1000-3770.2022.10.029 [8] SAEED T, AFRIN R, AL-MUYEED A, et al. Bioreactor septic tank for on-site wastewater treatment: Floating constructed wetland integration[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2021, 9: 105606. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2021.105606 [9] BILGIN M, SIMSEK I, TULUN S. Treatment of domestic wastewater using a lab-scale activated sludge/vertical flow subsurface constructed wetlands by using Cyperus altemifolius[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2014, 70: 362-365. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.06.032 [10] 李怀正, 金伟, 张文灿, 等. 我国农村生活污水综合治理研究[J/OL][J]. 中国工程科学, 2022, 24(5): 154-160. [11] WANG S Y, HU C Q, CHENG F K, et al. Performance of a combined low-consumption biotreatment system with cost-effective ecological treatment technology for rural domestic sewage treatment[J]. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2023, 51: 103380. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103380 [12] 张体强. 变电站污水处理现状与展望[J]. 环境科学与管理, 2017, 42(6): 83-86. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-1212.2017.06.019 [13] 呼永锋, 王坤, 曹孟京, 等. A/O+MBR工艺在分散式污水处理工程中的应用[J]. 水处理技术, 2022, 48(1): 150-152. [14] İRDEMEZ Ş, DEMIRCIOGLU N, YILDIZ, Y Ş. The effects of pH on phosphate removal from wastewater by electrocoagulation with iron plate electrodes[J]. Journal of hazardous materials, 2006, 137(2): 1231-1235. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.04.019 [15] FENG Q, ZHANG K J, LIU X H, et al. An improved kinetic model for dephosphorization of laundry wastewater by electrocoagulation[J]. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2021, 39: 101750. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101750 [16] SUN D Y, BIAN Y H, LIU P P, et al. Electricity enhances biological Fe (III) reduction and phosphorus recovery from FEP complex: Proof of concept and kinetic analysis[J]. ACS ES& T Engineering, 2021, 1(3): 523-532. [17] 高敏, 张艺荣, 赵景龙, 等. 双铁电极电解除磷技术初探[J]. 水处理技术, 2014, 40(6): 39-42. doi: 10.16796/j.cnki.1000-3770.2014.06.011