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随着社会的快速发展和人们健康意识的不断提高,土壤重金属污染问题引起了人们广泛关注[1 − 3]. 土壤重金属具有隐蔽性和不可逆转性,可通过食物链富集在植物、动物和人体内累积[4 − 7]. 耕地土壤受到化肥、农药等化学物质的长期使用,以及生产生活中“三废”污染,从而引起蔬菜中重金属含量超标或者富集,危害人类健康. 有学者对辽宁某冶炼厂周边农田土壤与农产品重金属污染特征进行评价,发现农田土壤中Cd、Hg、Zn、Pb和Cu表现为较显著污染和富集,受Cd和Pb污染较严重的有花生、辣椒等蔬菜[8]. 也有学者对昆明市某火电厂周边土壤及农作物中重金属潜在风险进行评估,发现土壤Hg含量超出背景值4.14倍,Cr超出土壤背景值1.06倍[9]. 前期有研究发现,某大型矿山尾矿附近农田土壤重金属含量超标严重,种植辣椒对Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn富集程度较高[10]. 黔中喀斯特地区为重金属高背景值区域,加上人为活动的强烈干扰,该区域耕地土壤重金属含量会存在不同程度富集现象[11]. 因此,系统研究耕地土壤重金属含量的差异,确立高背景重金属在土壤-植物系统的富集特征,是确定农业活动对高背景土壤重金属活化过程的前提.
辣椒是贵州喀斯特地区主要经济作物,种植面积大,是当地脱贫致富和乡村振兴的主要支柱产业. 贵州喀斯特地区碳酸盐岩广泛分布,土壤重金属含量显著高于国内其他地区,是重金属暴露的高风险区域. 曾庆庆等对贵州省某县辣椒种植区土壤重金属空间分布及来源解析,发现研究区域土壤大部分重金属含量已超过土壤背景值,并且存在一定程度的富集[12]. 也有学者研究发现,贵州大部分地区土壤中Cd含量超过农用地土壤污染风险限量值,而辣椒又易富集Cd、Hg等元素[13]. 也有研究显示,贵州喀斯特地区辣椒果实中Cd呈现不同程度的超标,遵义市某区域辣椒果实中Cd和Cr的量分别占其健康风险评估的0.055%—17.09%、0.005%—3.41%[14]. 清镇市位于西南黔中喀斯特山地中心区域,该区域喀斯特地貌连片发育、地质复杂多样,该区域原生状态下土壤重金属多处于“高背景,低活性”状态,但在农业活动介入后,高背景地区土壤重金属可能存在不同程度的“活化”现象,尤其是长期连续耕作区域农产品重金属暴露风险尚有诸多不确定性因素.
本研究以黔中喀斯特地区清镇市红枫湖、站街、卫城和麦格的4个乡镇为研究对象,通过采集辣椒耕地土壤及对应的植株样品,测定其中Cd、Hg、As、Pb和Cr这5种重金属含量. 同时采用潜在生态风险指数对土壤重金属的污染程度进行评价,利用食品中污染物限量标准和生物富集系数评估农作物吸收土壤重金属程度,以期为当地农作物安全提供坚实保障和理论依据.
黔中喀斯特高背景土壤-辣椒系统重金属含量特征及生态风险评价
Characteristics of heavy metals and assessments of ecological risks in cultivated soil-pepper system of Karst Areas
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摘要: 贵州喀斯特地区碳酸盐岩广泛分布,土壤重金属含量显著高于其他地区. 人为干扰前,土壤重金属处于高背景低活性的状态. 为了解贵州喀斯特地区耕地土壤和种植辣椒的重金属含量及其生态风险. 本研究以清镇市辣椒产地土壤为研究对象,采用潜在生态风险指数法和生物富集法对土壤和辣椒重金属含量及其生态风险进行评价. 结果表明,清镇市耕地土壤重金属Cd、Hg、As、Pb和Cr含量平均值分别为0.75、0.74、111.85、33.50、109.62 mg·kg−1,Cd和As含量平均值分别是国家标准GB5618—2018的2.25倍和2.79倍,土壤重金属Cd、As和Hg存在显著正相关. 清镇市辣椒产地土壤重金属综合潜在生态风险指数RI呈轻微风险水平,各乡镇差异较大(51.13—228.59). 辣椒对5种重金属的富集系数均小于1,对5种重金属吸收能力较弱. 辣椒重金属Cd与土壤pH呈显著负相关. 建议当地农户耕作过程中注意土壤重金属的污染来源,重点关注土壤重金属污染的累积风险.Abstract: Carbonate rocks are distributed widely in karst areas in Guizhou Province, and the contents of soil heavy metals are significantly greater than those in other areas. Without human disturbance, soil heavy metals are of high background and low activity in karst areas. In this study, samples of soil and pepper were collected from pepper planting garden in Qingzhen City in Guizhou Province to understand the contents of soil heavy metals and their ecological risk, and to analyze contents of heavy metals in pepper from karst areas in Guizhou Province. The results showed that the average contents of Cd, Hg, As, Pb and Cr in the collected soil samples were 0.75 mg·kg−1, 0.74 mg·kg−1, 111.85 mg·kg−1, 33.50 mg·kg−1 and 109.62 mg·kg−1, respectively. The average contents of Cd and As were 2.25 times and 2.03 times of the value limited by the national standard (GB5618-2018), respectively. There were some significant positive correlations among Cd, As and Hg in soils. The comprehensive potential ecological risk index (RI) of soil heavy metals in pepper planting gardens in Qingzhen City was at a slight risk level, and considerable differences of RI were observed among different villages and towns (51.13—228.59). All of the enrichment coefficients of pepper to the studied heavy metals were less than 1, and this, probably, suggested that pepper is of weak absorption capacity to these heavy metals. It is also found that Cd in pepper was negatively correlated with soil pH. It is suggested that local farmers care the sources of heavy metal pollution during farming activities, and special attention should be paid on the accumulation risk of heavy metal pollution in soils.
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Key words:
- karst /
- pepper /
- soil of origin /
- heavy metals /
- potential ecological analysis.
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表 1 研究区域土壤pH和5种重金属含量统计学分析
Table 1. Statistical analysis of soil pH and contents of five heavy metals in the study area
Cd/(mg·kg−1) Hg/(mg·kg−1) As/(mg·kg−1) Pb/(mg·kg−1) Cr/(mg·kg−1) pH 最大值 2.66 2.77 140.12 21.33 36.12 4.61 最小值 0.27 0.10 11.87 46.4 186.87 7.63 平均值 0.75 0.74 111.85 33.50 109.62 6.09 标准差 0.22 0.08 11.56 12.63 32.96 0.83 变异系数 0.29 0.11 0.10 0.38 0.30 0.14 偏度 2.19 4.21 4.31 0.09 2.34 0.20 峰度 3.88 18.05 18.69 0.32 7.18 0.49 表 2 各样点土壤重金属含量特征(平均值±标准离差)
Table 2. Characteristics of heavy metal contents in soil at various points (Mean±Standard deviation)
区域
AreaCd/(mg·kg−1) Hg/(mg·kg−1) As/(mg·kg−1) Pb/(mg·kg−1) Cr/(mg·kg−1) 红枫湖
Hongfeng Lake0.44±0.04 0.28±0.11 14.62±2.65 34±4.51 209.18±99.9 站街
Zhanjie0.89±0.64 0.36±0.28 32.45±22.34 33.44±6.86 91.95±46.93 卫城
Weicheng0.38±0.07 0.15±0.05 24.82±5.89 39.35±5.25 77.2±9.34 麦格
Maige1.1±0.86 1.82±0.43 299.15±26.41 28.42±5.76 101.58±21.24 表 3 土壤重金属潜在生态风险评价
Table 3. Potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in studied areas
区域
AreaEI-Cd EI-Hg EI-As EI-Pb EI-Cr RI 红枫湖
Hongfeng Lake43.97 4.65 4.87 1.42 2.09 57.00 站街
Zhanjie89.03 7.93 8.11 1.86 1.23 108.17 卫城
Weicheng38.34 3.37 6.21 2.19 1.03 51.13 麦格
Maige110.33 40.54 74.79 1.58 1.35 228.59 表 4 研究区辣椒植株各部位重金属含量(鲜样)
Table 4. Heavy metal content in different parts of pepper plants in the study area (fresh samples)
区域
Area部位
PartsCd Hg As Pb Cr 红枫湖
Hongfeng Lake茎 0.0005 0.0021 0.0005 0.0125 0.0322 叶 0.0003 0.0043 0.0003 0.0198 0.0573 果实 0.0002 0.0011 0.0002 0.0190 0.0276 站街
Zhanjie茎 0.0022 0.0012 0.0016 0.0125 0.0722 叶 0.0021 0.0015 0.0028 0.0158 0.1071 果实 0.0001 0.0003 0.0008 0.0108 0.0392 卫城
Weicheng茎 0.0120 0.0007 0.0013 0.0052 0.0522 叶 0.0103 0.0012 0.0012 0.0073 0.1261 果实 0.0034 0.0005 0.0010 0.0052 0.0402 麦格
Maige茎 0.0122 0.0017 0.0011 0.0121 0.0757 叶 0.0098 0.0028 0.0012 0.0157 0.1281 果实 0.0037 0.0007 0.0007 0.0091 0.0766 表 5 辣椒BCF值(×10−3)
Table 5. BCF value of pepper (×10−3)
区域
AreaCd Hg As Pb Cr 红枫湖
Hongfeng Lake2.33 30.46 0.07 1.51 0.56 站街
Zhanjie4.92 8.44 0.16 1.17 2.42 卫城
Weicheng67.71 15.75 0.14 0.45 2.83 麦格
Maige24.85 2.87 0.01 1.30 2.76 -
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