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据世界卫生组织(WHO)调查,全球80%的疾病,约30%的死亡率都与饮用水被污染相关[1],因此饮用水质安全一直是环境领域的研究热点. 我国2022年3月15日发布了《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2022). 根据已有文献报道,饮用水中的污染物主要包括金属及其氧化物、营养盐、持久性有机物以及微生物. 这些污染物往往以胶体状态存在,其比表面积大,吸附位点丰富,易与其他污染物吸附、团聚,形成稳定的团聚体[2]. 污染物的这种环境行为被称为“胶体泵”效应[3]. 该效应的发生会影响胶体态污染物的迁移和富集,从而对饮用水质和人体健康产生严重污染和危害.
然而,目前专家学者们对“污染物可能以胶体态形式存在”这一观点,关注度并不高. 在Web of Science中检索“colloidal pollutant”和“drinking water”关键词,仅有30篇相关综述. 大多数研究集中在污染物的去除,Lu等[4]综述了电化学氧化灭活病原微生物的研究进展;Song等[5]和Chellam等[6]总结了电絮凝去除水中结垢、金属、消毒副产物以及病毒的研究现状;许多研究者们讨论了臭氧氧化[7]、光催化[8]等高级氧化工艺的去除效果. 此外,利用金属氧化物和聚合物材料辅助去除胶体态污染物也是研究热度较高的方向[9 − 11]. 截至目前,中国知网尚未有关于胶体态污染物的相关综述发表. 这表明目前国内外对饮用水中胶体态污染物的综述相对匮乏. 然而,污染物在饮用水中的长期赋存,必然发生吸附、团聚等环境行为,从而形成易迁移的胶体,加剧其对饮用水质的污染,对人类健康构成潜在威胁.
因此,有必要对饮用水中胶体态污染物的研究进展进行综述. 本文聚焦于饮用水中的胶体态污染物,从胶体态污染物的概念、种类、迁移行为及去除效果四个方面综述饮用水中胶体态污染物的研究现状,以期提高研究者们对胶体态污染物的关注,为保障饮用水质安全和人类健康提供参考和帮助.
饮用水中胶体态污染物的研究进展
Research progress on colloidal pollutants in drinking water
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摘要: 饮用水中的污染物经过迁移、吸附、团聚等行为,往往以胶体态形式存在,并作为载体吸附水中其他污染物,对饮用水质造成严重污染. 聚焦于饮用水中的胶体态污染物,从胶体态污染物的概念、主要分类、迁移行为和去除效果4个方面,总结和阐述了近年来饮用水中胶体态污染物的研究进展. 总结得出,饮用水中呈胶体态的无机物、有机物和微生物往往会与其他污染物吸附、团聚,可能引发胶体泵效应,影响污染物的迁移、富集和去除. 在常规饮用水处理工艺中,混凝可有效去除>10 μm的胶体态污染物,传统过滤不是去除胶体态污染物的主要工艺. 臭氧氧化-活性炭吸附和膜分离等深度处理是去除<10 μm胶体态污染物的高效工艺. 最后,基于研究现状对胶体态污染物的控制进行了展望,以期为保障饮用水质提供借鉴和帮助.Abstract: After pollutants in drinking water have undergone migration, adsorption, agglomeration and other processes, they often exist in colloidal form, serving as carriers that adsorb other pollutants and seriously affecting drinking water quality. This review summarized the research progress on colloidal pollutants in drinking water in recent years, with a focus on their main classification, migration behavior and removal effect in drinking water treatment processes. It is concluded that colloidal inorganic matter, organic matter and microorganisms in drinking water are often adsorbed and aggregated with other pollutants, which may cause the colloid pump effect and affect the migration, enrichment and removal of pollutants. In conventional drinking water treatment processes, coagulation can effectively remove colloidal pollutants with particle sizes >10 μm, while traditional filtration is not the main process for the removal of colloidal pollutants. Ozone oxidation-activated carbon adsorption and membrane separation are efficient processes for the removal of colloidal pollutants with particle sizes <10 μm. Finally, based on the available research in this field, prospects were discussed for the effective control of colloidal pollutants, with the aim of providing guidance for the protection of drinking water quality.
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Key words:
- colloidal pollutants /
- drinking water /
- migration /
- removal effect.
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图 2 胶体过滤理论中的胶体迁移机制[58]
Figure 2. Colloid migration mechanism in colloid filtration theory
表 1 饮用水中胶体态污染物的种类
Table 1. Types of colloid pollutants in drinking water
表 2 饮用水处理工艺对胶体态污染物的去除效果比较
Table 2. Comparison of removal effect of colloidal pollutants by drinking water treatment processes
处理工艺
Treatment processes去除污染物
Pollutants removed尺寸范围/μm
Size range处理效果
Removal effect改进方向
Improvement direction参考文献
References混凝沉淀 微纳塑料 <50 高效去除>10 μm的胶体态污染物,对<10 μm的具有局限性;不同种类污染物对应的高效混凝剂不同 投加针对性混凝剂/助凝剂 [67] 抗生素 — [68] 重金属 — [69] 过滤 微生物(铜绿微囊藻) 4.5 传统过滤不是去除胶体态污染物的主要工艺,强化过滤可有效提高去除率 滤料改性/与其他物质(微生物、生物炭)结合 [61] 抗生素 — [68] 全氟化合物 <0.45 [70] 微纳塑料 <2 [71] 消毒 微生物(大肠杆菌) <0.22 消灭病原微生物,但
胶体态消毒副产物的存在抑制了消毒效果优化消毒条件、消毒剂的投加顺序和方式 [72] 臭氧氧化-活性炭过滤 微纳塑料 <5 去除<5 μm胶体态污染物的有效工艺 — [73] 膜分离 抗生素 由膜孔径决定 出厂水质高于国家标准限值 膜改性处理 [74 − 75] -
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