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多杀菌素是一种发酵产生的无公害农药[1],属于农用抗生素,因其杀虫效率高,在农业上的应用前景广阔[2]。多杀菌素菌渣是抗生素发酵提取后残留菌丝体和培养基的混合物,若直接进入环境可能造成潜在环境危害。因此,多杀菌素菌渣在2008年被列入中国的危险废物管理清单。考虑到菌渣有机物含量丰富[3],有效地处理多杀菌素菌渣以实现无害化和资源化具有巨大潜力。
抗生素发酵菌渣无害化方法很多,包括微波分解[4-5]、热水解[6]、高级氧化工艺[7]、厌氧堆肥[8]和好氧堆肥[9],其中好氧堆肥处理以其低成本、技术成熟和可推广性受到企业的青睐。LIU et al[10]将庆大霉素残留物和洛伐他汀发酵残留物混合堆肥,实现了庆大霉素最大降解率96.7%。YANG et al[11]将肉鸡粪便堆肥42 d,去除粪便中75.4%的诺氟沙星。因此,抗生素残留物的肥料化是一个很有前景的资源利用途径。目前,暂无关于多杀菌素菌渣无害化和资源化的相关研究。
本文通过好氧发酵对多杀菌素菌渣进行无害化与稳定化处理,系统研究其堆肥化效能。通过土壤模拟试验,从土壤中多杀菌素残留降、土壤理化性质及微生物活性与多样性等多层面分析多杀菌素菌渣的肥料化应用效果,以期为多杀菌素菌渣的无害化与资源化提供理论与技术支持。
多杀菌素菌渣无害化处理与肥料化利用研究
Experimental study on composting for fertilization utilization and harmless treatment of spinosad residues
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摘要: 针对抗生素发酵生产残余菌渣所引发的环境危害问题,以多杀菌素菌渣为研究对象,通过好氧堆肥工艺探究其资源化的可行性,设定不同的初始C/N,分析了反应过程中堆体pH、电导率(EC)、三维荧光图谱(3D-EEMs)等指标变化规律,并用初始C/N=20组的堆肥样品进行土壤模拟试验,以评估多杀菌素菌渣肥在使用过程中对土壤环境和微生物的影响。堆肥实验结果表明:多杀菌素去除率达到90%以上,堆体理化指标均处于适宜范围;3D-EEMs表明:堆肥过程中色氨酸类物质被微生物充分利用,腐殖酸类物质累积,堆体达到较好的腐熟效果;土壤模拟实验结果表明:1%和6%的抗生素残留低于检测限(多杀菌素A 2.0 µg/kg,多杀菌素D 1.5 µg/kg)。此外,投加了菌渣肥使土壤的微生物多样性提升。以上结果表明,多杀菌素菌渣经过堆肥化处理有助于改善土壤性能。Abstract: To address the environmental hazards caused by fermentation residues from antibiotic fermentation production, the feasibility of resource utilization of spinosad fermentation residue (SFR) by aerobic composting process with different initial C/N was investigated with the different pH, conductivity, three-dimensional fluorescence and other indicators. Soil simulation tests were conducted subsequently with the product of the initial C/N=20 group to evaluate the impact of composted SFR on the soil environment and soil microorganisms. The results of composting experiments showed that the removal rate of spinosad reached more than 90%, and the physical and chemical indexes of the pile were in the suitable range. The three-dimensional fluorescence pattern showed that tryptophan substances were fully utilized by microorganisms during the composting process, humic acid substances were accumulated, and the pile achieved a good maturation effect. The results of soil simulation experiments showed that composted SFR at dosages of 1% and 6% were below the detection limits (2.0 µg/kg for spinosad A and 1.5 µg/kg for spinosad D). In addition, the overall microbial diversity of the soils fertilized with composted SFR was increased. These results indicated that composite treatment of SFR could improve various soil properties.
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Key words:
- spinosad /
- fermentation residue /
- aerobic composting /
- safety assessment /
- soil utilization
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表 1 多杀菌素菌渣的理化性质
Table 1. Physicochemical properties of SFR
参数 数值 pH 7.93±0.02 含水率/% 5.61±0.71 有机质/% 41.52±3.15 多杀菌素A/ mg·kg−1 2.19×103±238 多杀菌素D/ mg·kg−1 2.89×102±196 P/%(by P2O5) 1.02±0.09 K/%(by K2O) 0.25±0.05 As/mg·kg−1 0.41±0.04 Cd/mg·kg−1 0.048±0.001 Cr/mg·kg−1 48.61±0.12 Hg/mg·kg−1 0.39±0.17 Pb/mg·kg−1 15.47±3.84 C/N 6.45±0.66 表 2 实验土壤的理化性质
Table 2. Physicochemical properties of experimental soil
指标 数值 pH 7.2±0.1 电导率/μS·cm−1 155.2±2.1 含水率/% 12.05±0.14 土壤有机质含量/% 1.6±0.1 总磷含量/mg·kg−1 15.5±0.1 总钾含量/mg·kg−1 100.9±0.7 表 3 荧光区域与对应物质类别
Table 3. Fluorescence regions and corresponding substance classes
荧光区域 对应物质类别 Ex/nm Em/nm Ⅰ 酪氨酸类 200~250 250~330 Ⅱ 色氨酸类 200~250 330~380 Ⅲ 富里酸类 200~250 380~500 Ⅳ 腐殖酸类 250~500 380~500 Ⅴ 溶解性微生物代谢产物 250~500 250~380 表 4 多杀菌素A和D在土壤残留变化
Table 4. Changes in spinosad residues in soil
t/d CK 1%菌渣肥 6%菌渣肥 12%菌渣肥 1%鲜菌渣 A D A D A D A D A D 0 — — 2.24 — 6.74 — 12.53 — 1 863.93 402.65 3 — — — — 4.00 — 7.32 — 1 443.80 347.38 7 — — — — 2.35 — 5.84 — 741.23 171.73 12 — — — — 2.68 — 3.69 — 725.64 156.42 20 — — — — 2.17 — 3.16 — 705.47 141.42 30 — — — — 2.72 — 3.73 — 593.68 137.01 42 — — — — — — 3.42 — 499.07 96.44 注:多杀菌素A检测限:2.0 μg·kg−1;多杀菌素D检测限:1.5 μg·kg−1;“—”表示低于检测限。 -
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