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哌拉西林(piperacillin,PIP)属于青霉素类抗生素. 受现有污水处理设施去除率低[1]、污水直接排放等因素影响,PIP在环境中已有检出[2-3]. PIP的预测无效应浓度(Predicted No-effect Concentration, PNEC)较低(0.5 μg·L−1),表明其在很低的浓度水平就具有环境风险[4]. 因此,有必要了解PIP在水环境中的迁移转化规律.
水解是PIP在水环境中的主要代谢途径[5]. PIP的主要特征结构是分子内的β-内酰胺环与哌嗪结构,除此以外还含有—NH2、—COOH和—OH等. β-内酰胺环的水解是青霉素类抗生素在环境中水解的重要途径,即β-内酰胺环结构中的α-氨基和羧酸根基团之间的分子内酰胺化反应,其反应速率受温度、pH、金属离子等影响[5-10].
本研究测定PIP在不同温度、pH条件下浓度随时间的变化,计算了PIP的水解速率常数、半衰期与活化能. 结合液相色谱质谱分析,推导PIP在不同pH条件下的水解机理.
哌拉西林的水解机理研究
Mechanism study on hydrolysis of piperacillin
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摘要: 水解是哌拉西林(piperacillin,PIP)在环境中迁移转化的主要途径之一. 本文测定了PIP在不同温度、pH条件下的水解速率常数、半衰期及活化能. 在pH为3、5、5.6(无缓冲盐)、7的条件下,每增加10 ℃,PIP的平均水解速率因子增加0.497 h-1. pH 为9时的PIP水解速率大于pH为3、5、5.6(无缓冲盐)、7时的水解速率. PIP的水解反应途径受pH影响,在酸性条件下,PIP的主要水解产物含有哌嗪结构,质荷比为143与492;在弱酸性和中性条件下,PIP会与其水解产物形成较为稳定的二聚体,抑制PIP的进一步水解;在碱性条件下,PIP的水解产物中哌嗪结构不稳定,会进一步水解,质荷比为143的产物进一步水解为质荷比为100的水解产物,质荷比为536的产物进一步水解为质荷比为554的产物.Abstract: Hydrolysis is a significant pathway for the migration and transformation of piperacillin (PIP) in the environment. This study aimed to determine the hydrolysis rate constant, half-life, and activation energy of PIP under different temperature and pH . The results showed that the average hydrolysis rate factor of PIP increased by 0.497 h-1 for every 10 ℃ increase in temperature under the conditions of pH 3, 5, 5.6 (no buffer salt), and 7. Moreover, when pH = 9, the hydrolysis rate of PIP was greater than that at pH 3, 5, 5.6 (buffer free), and 7. The hydrolysis pathway of PIP is influenced by pH. Under acidic conditions, the main hydrolysis product of PIP contains a pyrazine structure with a m/z = 143 and m/z = 492; under weakly acidic and neutral conditions, PIP will form a relatively stable dimer with its hydrolysis product, inhibiting further hydrolysis of PIP; under alkaline conditions, the pyrazine structure in PIP’s hydrolysis product is unstable and will undergo further hydrolysis. Additionally, the product with a m/z = 143 further hydrolyzes into a product with a m/z = 100, the product with a m/z = 536 further hydrolyzes into a product with a m/z = 554.
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Key words:
- piperacillin /
- hydrolysis /
- hydrolysis product
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表 1 温度对PIP在不同pH条件下水解速率、半衰期及活化能的影响
Table 1. Effect of temperature on the degradation rate, half-life, and activation energy of PIP under different pH conditions
pH 水解速率常数/h−1|半衰期/h 活化能/(kJ·mol−1) 15 ℃ 25 ℃ 35 ℃ 3 0.0029|240.8 0.0029|236.4 0.0095|72.6 45.3 5 0.0014|503.8 0.0016|439.2 0.0019|364.8 12.0 7 0.0018|384.8 0.0108|64.3 0.0044|155.9 31.2 9 0.0269|25.8 0.1159|6.0 0.1515|4.6 62.9 5.6(无缓冲盐) 0.0013|536.6 0.0013|544.5 0.0032|217.6 34.1 -
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