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土壤作为生态系统的重要组成部分,本质上是一种不可再生的资源,同时也是人类赖以生存和发展的自然资源. 土壤不仅为地球上大多数物种提供栖息地,还为作物提供必需的生活条件,从而土壤健康日益受到重视,维持土壤健康对人类可持续性发展至关重要[1-2]. 然而随着工农业的发展和高强度的人为活动,土壤污染和退化日趋严重. 土壤中的污染物主要包括重金属和有机化合物,如镉、铅、锌、砷、铬、农药、化肥、抗生素、石油烃、多环芳烃、多氯联苯等[3- 4]. 这些污染物在土壤中积累对土壤健康状况构成了复杂的影响,不仅影响作物产量和质量,导致大气和水环境质量进一步恶化,而且具有致癌、致畸、诱变和基因毒性,可通过食物链威胁着人类的健康[5-6]. 2018年的一项研究预测,欧盟有280万个可能受到土壤污染的地点,而中国约有16.1%的土壤样品超过了《中国土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)[7-8]. 特别是我国农田土壤中的污染物非常复杂,据2014年环境保护部和国土资源部联合发布的《全国土壤污染状况调查公报》数据显示,我国耕地点位超标率达19.4%[9]. 我国耕地土壤环境质量堪忧,已经威胁到我国的食品安全和人民健康[10-12]. 与此同时,到2050年,全球农业产量必须翻一番,以满足不断增长的人口和提高生活水平的预期需求[13]. 因此迫切需要新技术改善土壤环境、提高作物产量与品质、提升农业生产力与保护土壤健康势在必行,从而实现联合国2030年可持续发展目标[14-15].
在早期文献中,报道了一种特殊的“黑土壤”,其含有丰富的黑炭,具有很强的土壤生产力,激起了科研工作者的兴趣[16]. 近几年,作为黑炭的一种,生物炭因其在环境中的多重效益得到了密切的关注. 从农业科学、环境科学的角度定义,生物炭通常是指有机质在有限的供氧和相对低温(<700 ℃)条件下经过热裂解而产生的富含碳、官能团的多孔物质[17]. 已有大量研究表明,由于生物炭大的比表面积和高的反应活性而被广泛应用于多个领域中且均表现出巨大潜力,例如生物炭常被用于改良土壤、修复土壤污染以及大气碳库增汇减排等环境领域. 在土壤改良方面,生物炭可以减少养分的流失,提高土壤有机质含量,增强土壤保肥效果和植物的生产力[18-21];在土壤污染治理方面,生物炭由于丰富的官能团、较大的比表面积及丰富的孔状结构等特点,常作为吸附剂,用于吸附其中的有机和无机污染物[22-24];在固定碳方面,生物炭的制备本身就完成了碳元素的固定,进而减少了温室气体如甲烷和一氧化二氮的排放[25- 26]. 此外,生物质热解制备的生物炭是一种经济有效的固体废物处理方式.
随着纳米技术的飞速发展,将传统生物炭通过机械研磨等绿色合成方法把尺寸减小到纳米级以制造纳米生物炭,使其具有高表面积、高孔隙率、丰富的表面功能团和表面活性点. 由于纳米级生物炭更优越的性能,被广泛应用在许多领域,包括农业,能源,航空和生物医学,增加对污染物的吸附、增强营养物质的保留以及对污染物的感应是纳米生物炭的重要应用[27]. 粒径大于1 µm的颗粒称为大颗粒生物炭,粒径在100 nm—1 µm的颗粒称为微米级生物炭,粒径≤100 nm的为纳米生物炭[28]. 由于微纳米级生物炭具有更大的比表面积、表面疏水性和微孔率,对重金属、除草剂、多氯联苯和多环芳烃等多种污染物具有更高的吸附能力,其还具有在农业中对植物的保护能力. 同时,纳米生物炭颗粒具有类似于其他碳材料的特性,而且纳米碳材料的原料与传统生物炭一样种类众多,加上改性的工程碳纳米颗粒具有更强的目的性,由此纳米生物炭的应用成为了环境科学和农业领域的又一个重要课题.
根据Scopus数据库检索“biochar”、“nanobiochar”等相关主题,文献发表量由2010年的76篇生物炭文章上升到2020年4711篇,表明生物炭的研究越来越深入(图1).
在2017年之前,关于纳米生物炭主题的出版物很少,但此后每年的出版物数量逐年增加(图1). 本综述的主要目的是总结关于生物炭尺寸效应对土壤污染修复的差异调控的研究结果,重点在于对比并总结传统大颗粒尺寸生物炭与微纳米尺寸生物炭对土壤中污染物修复影响的差异,以便对知识差距进行批判性分析,从而以整体方式探索对未来研究的见解.
此外,本文系统地分析和总结了生物炭的原料来源与不同尺寸下生物炭的性质差异,以加深对生物炭的认识;并从生物炭本身性质出发,阐明了生物炭修复土壤污染物的作用机理. 同时对生物炭的环境意义进行了分析,探究生物炭与纳米生物炭促进植物增产与提高植物品质的潜力.
生物炭尺寸效应对土壤污染修复的差异调控
Size effect driven regulatory mechanisms of biochar on remediating soil contaminants: A review
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摘要: 生物炭是一种富含碳的材料,可以由各种有机废物原料制备,例如木材废料、农业废物和城市污水污泥. 生物炭因其碳含量高、阳离子交换容量高、比表面积大、结构稳定等特性而受到越来越多的关注. 本文系统地分析和总结了生物炭的原料来源与性质及在污染土壤修复方面的应用. 基于生物炭的理化性质差异,重点阐明了生物炭尺寸效应对土壤污染物的作用机理,并对其修复土壤污染物和改善土壤质量进行了深入讨论. 此外,在将生物炭实际应用于环境修复时,应更加关注生物炭老化后性能的改变. 综上所述,生物炭在环境修复中具有广阔的应用前景,尺寸效应差异调控土壤污染物的作用机理需要更深一步的研究.Abstract: Biochar is a carbon-rich material that can be prepared from various organic waste materials, such as wood waste, agricultural waste and municipal sewage sludge. Biochar has received increasing attention because of its high carbon content, high cation exchange capacity, large specific surface area and stable structure. This paper systematically analyzes and summarizes the raw material sources and properties of biochar and its applications in remediation of contaminated soil. Based on the differences in the physicochemical properties of biochar, the underlying mechanisms of size effects of biochar on removing soil contaminants are elucidated, and its roles in remediating soil contaminants and improving soil quality are discussed in-depth. In addition, when biochar is practically applied to environmental remediation, aging, one of the most important factors that can alter the properties of biochar, should be considered. In conclusion, biochar has broad application prospects in environmental remediation; more importantly, the roles of size effects of biochar in differentially regulating soil contaminants need to be further characterized.
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Key words:
- biochar /
- raw material source /
- physicochemical properties /
- particle size /
- soil contamination /
- plant response
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