-
多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)是一类环境中广泛存在的有机污染物,主要来自于人为源,如石油泄漏、汽车排放、化石燃料和生物质燃烧、工业过程以及化学制造,也有部分来自火山活动、森林火灾和成岩作用等自然源[1-2]. 这类污染物因其分布广、生物累积性和对人类的潜在生态风险[3]而受到广泛关注. 16种PAHs被美国环境保护署(USEPA)列为优先控制的污染物[4]. 其中,含有2—3个苯环的低分子量PAHs被认为是非致癌物,而含有4—6个环的7个高分子量PAHs被列为致癌物[5]. PAHs一旦释放到环境中,能够通过水和空气进行长距离的迁移,扩散到全球范围的土壤[6-7]、沉积物[8-9]、水[10]和大气[11-12]中. PAHs不易降解,容易被土壤颗粒吸附[13-14],因此土壤埋藏了环境中90%以上的PAHs,是一个重要的汇[15].
尽管存在一些自然来源,造成全球范围内PAHs污染的主要原因仍是与城市化密切相关的人为排放[16]. 许多发展中国家,尤其是中国,正处于城市化兴起与快速发展的过渡时期. 由于大规模的城市化和工业化,我国城市地区大量人口密集,随之出现工业活动加剧、汽车使用激增等现象,从而导致大量PAHs通过大气沉降进入城市土壤[17-18]. 此外,PAHs在城市土壤中的分布主要归因于其释放源的类型和位置[19-20]. 因此,加剧的人类活动可能会改变城市土壤环境中PAHs的组成和分布. 基于不同PAH毒性的差异性,组成的改变也可能会引起暴露人群健康风险的变化. 然而,这个问题迄今为止较少引起关注[21].
研究表明,城市化可能是影响城市土壤中PAHs环境行为的关键因素. Wang等[22]通过分析土壤PAHs浓度、城市化指标以及土壤理化性质之间的相关性,提出人口密度是影响南京城市土壤PAHs含量的关键因素之一. Cao等[21]基于苏南一个快速发展的城镇土壤中2009年和2014年PAHs的浓度,将其含量、组成和来源的变化归因于城市化进程. Jensen等[23]发现挪威南部邻近奥斯陆的地区,因其人口较多和城市化程度较高,土壤中PAHs浓度高于位于挪威北部,人口较少的地区. 此外,也有一些学者[19, 24-26]利用湖泊和水库中的柱状沉积物,以及不同城市化阶段或不同深度的土壤样品,探讨PAHs的环境行为与城市化过程之间的关系. 然而,深入探讨某个特定时期城市化进程对城市土壤中PAHs浓度、来源和暴露风险影响的研究却很少.
2008年至2012年,天津市处在城市化最快的时期[27],且2012年以前,全市生产总值(GDP)增速均保持在16%以上,为近15年来最高水平[28]. 本研究基于天津市近郊地区(包括西青区、津南区、北辰区和东丽区)土壤中的16种优先控制PAHs的浓度数据,利用正定矩阵因子分解(positive matrix factorization, PMF)模型和终身累积癌症风险(incremental lifetime cancer risk, ILCR)模型定量解析出2008年和2012年天津市近郊地区土壤中PAHs的来源组成以及人体暴露风险,并将两个年份的解析结果进行对比分析. 旨在通过定点定期的监测结果,探讨在经济高速发展的背景下,快速城市化过程中区域土壤中PAHs排放源的变化及其引起的浓度、组成和生态风险的改变,进而揭示人类活动对城市环境的影响.
城市化进程中天津市近郊区土壤多环芳烃的污染特征变化及健康风险
Urbanization-driven changes in contamination and human health risks of pahs in soils from suburban Tianjin, China
-
摘要: 多环芳烃(PAHs)是城市主要污染物之一,对居民健康构成了巨大的威胁. 然而,探讨城市化与区域PAHs污染特征及其健康风险的关系的研究却很少. 基于正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型和终身累积癌症风险(ILCR)模型,本文对比了2008年和2012年天津市近郊地区土壤中PAHs的含量、组成、来源及其导致的生态风险. 结果表明,土壤中PAHs的浓度增加了1倍,低分子量组分的比例由28.6%上升到34.8%,优势化合物由苯并(b)荧蒽、荧蒽和苯并(g,h,i)苝转变为菲、萘和荧蒽. 土壤PAHs主要来源由2008年的燃煤源(51.3%)、机动车排放(23.1%)和生物质燃烧排放(14.5%)转变为2012年的燃煤源(41.0%)、机动车排放(28.4%)和石油源(22.3%),排放源的变化与区域工业能源结构调整以及居民日常生活习惯改变有着密切的关联. 机动车排放源贡献率增加导致当地居民的土壤PAHs暴露风险上升,皮肤接触是主要的暴露途径,儿童是对暴露风险最敏感的亚群体.
-
关键词:
- 城市化 /
- 多环芳烃 /
- 土壤 /
- 终身累积癌症风险模型 /
- 正定矩阵因子分解模型 /
- 健康风险评价 /
- 天津
Abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), one of the key pollutants in urban areas, have presented a great risk to the resident health. However, few studies have explored the linkage between urbanization and regional PAH pollution and incurred health risks. Based on results calculated by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) and lifetime cumulative cancer risk (ILCR) model, we compared the levels, composition, sources and ecological risks of soil PAHs in suburban Tianjin between 2008 and 2012 to investigate their changes related to urbanizations. The concentrations of soil PAHs increased remarkably, with the proportion of low molecular weight components increasing from 28.6% to 34.8%. Phenanthrene, naphthalene and fluoranthene became the dominated compounds, which was related to changes of the PAH sources. Results of the PMF model suggest that the major PAH sources change from coal combustion (51.3%), traffic sources (23.1%), and biomass combustion (14.5%) in 2008 to coal combustion (41.0%), traffic sources (28.4%) and petroleum sources (22.3%) in 2012. This change should be closely related to the optimization and adjustment of energy structure and changes of human lifestyle. According to the ILCR model, dermal contact was the prevailing pathway of PAH exposure, and children were classified as the most sensitive subpopulation. The increased contribution of traffic sources led to the increase in human cancer risks. -
暴露参数
Exposure parameter单位
Unit儿童
Child青少年
Adolescent成人
AdultBW kg 13.95 46.75 58.78 IRingestion mg·d−1 200 100 100 IRinhalation m3·d−1 10.9 17.7 17.5 EF d·a−1 350 350 350 ED a 6 14 30 SA cm2 2800 2800 5700 AF mg·cm−2 0.2 0.2 0.07 ABS — 0.13 0.13 0.13 AT d 25550 25550 25550 PEF m3·kg−1 1.36×109 1.36×109 1.36E×109 表 2 天津市近郊区土壤中PAHs毒性当量因子、含量及组成
Table 2. Toxic equivalent factors, composition, and concentrations of PAHs in surface soils from suburban Tianjin in 2008 and 2012
PAHs 环数
Aromatic
ring毒性当
量因子
TEF2008(n = 83) 2012(n = 60) 均值/(ng·g−1)
Mean范围/(ng·g−1)
Range组成占比/%
Proportion均值/(ng·g−1)
Mean范围/(ng·g−1)
Range组成占比/%
Proportion萘 2 0.001 18.7 2.72—133 6.0 68.2 ND—441 10.8 二氢苊 3 0.001 3.96 ND—42.6 1.0 35.2 ND—697 4.1 苊 3 0.001 3.10 ND—19.2 1.3 4.44 ND—31.0 0.5 芴 3 0.001 17.0 1.23—86.5 8.4 12.8 ND—78.0 2.0 菲 3 0.001 36.5 1.98—336 8.4 131 7.45—1091 16.4 蒽 3 0.01 16.6 0.502—306 3.6 11.6 0.450—107 1.0 荧蒽 4 0.001 63.4 2.39—792 9.4 255 ND—3278 15.6 芘 4 0.001 56.9 1.17—728 8.0 154 1.00—1977 9.0 苯并(a)蒽* 4 0.1 33.1 0.225—386 5.2 68.7 0.470—841 3.9 䓛* 4 0.01 46.1 0.717—506 6.4 97.9 0.850—1210 6.7 苯并(b)荧蒽* 5 0.1 103 ND—1010 13.6 118 1.38—1362 8.1 苯并(k)荧蒽* 5 0.1 43.6 ND—669 5.5 43.3 0.230—549 2.6 苯并(a)芘* 5 1 52.2 ND—728 6.8 86.6 0.370—1118 4.8 二苯并(a, h)蒽* 5 1 22.9 ND—252 4.0 33.4 ND—348 2.4 茚苯(1, 2, 3-cd)芘* 6 0.1 23.3 ND—244 3.1 106 2.37—1237 7.1 苯并(g, h, i)苝 6 0.01 66.3 ND—886 9.2 70.0 1.23—775 4.9 二环化合物 — — 18.7 2.72—133 6.0 68.2 ND—441 10.8 三环化合物 — — 77.2 6.34—701 22.6 195 7.90—1586 24.0 四环化合物 — — 199 8.53—2413 29.1 575 2.32—7306 35.2 五环化合物 — — 221 ND—2445 30.0 281 1.98—3377 17.9 六环化合物 — — 89.6 ND—1129 12.3 176 4.90—2012 12.0 Σ7-carPAHs — — 324 5.03—3582 44.7 554 7.98—6666 35.6 Σ16PAHs — — 606 29.7—6705 100 1296 22.9—14722 100 注:“*”代表7种具有致癌作用的PAHs;“ND”代表未检出;“Σ7-carPAHs”代表7种具有致癌作用PAHs总含量;“Σ16PAHs”代表16种PAHs总含量.
* stands for 7 carcinogenic PAHs, ND stands for not detected, Σ7-carPAHs stands for total concentrations of 7 carcinogenic PAHs, Σ16PAHs stands for total concentrations of 16 PAHs.表 3 不同群体暴露于土壤PAHs的潜在癌症风险
Table 3. Age-specific potential cancer risk via exposure to soil PAHs in 2008 and 2012
2008 2012 人群
Population均值
Mean最小值
Min最大值
Max均值
Mean最小值
Min最大值
Max儿童
ChildILCRingestion 4.87 × 10−7 2.28 × 10−9 5.89 × 10−6 7.84 × 10−7 5.45 × 10−9 9.51 × 10−6 ILCRdermal 6.07 × 10−7 2.84 × 10−9 7.34 × 10−6 9.78 × 10−7 6.79 × 10−9 1.19 × 10−5 ILCRtotal 1.09 × 10−6 5.12 × 10−9 1.32 × 10−5 1.76 × 10−6 1.22 × 10−8 2.14 × 10−5 青少年
AdolescentILCRingestion 2.53 × 10−7 1.19 × 10−9 3.07 × 10−6 4.09 × 10−7 2.84 × 10−9 4.95 × 10−6 ILCRdermal 6.32 × 10−7 2.96 × 10−9 7.65 × 10−6 1.02 × 10−6 7.08 × 10−9 1.24 × 10−5 ILCRtotal 8.85 × 10−7 4.14 × 10−9 1.07 × 10−5 1.43 × 10−6 9.92 × 10−9 1.73 × 10−5 成人
AdultILCRingestion 4.66 × 10−7 2.18 × 10−9 5.65 × 10−6 7.52 × 10−7 5.22 × 10−9 9.11 × 10−6 ILCRdermal 8.28 × 10−7 3.88 × 10−9 1.00 × 10−5 1.34 × 10−6 9.28 × 10−9 1.62 × 10−5 ILCRtotal 1.29 × 10−6 6.06 × 10−9 1.57 × 10−5 2.09 × 10−6 1.45 × 10−8 2.53 × 10−5 注:ILCRtotal = ILCRingestion + ILCRdermal -
[1] NISBET I C T, LAGOY P K. Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [J]. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 1992, 16(3): 290-300. doi: 10.1016/0273-2300(92)90009-X [2] ZHANG Y, PENG C, GUO Z H, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of China: Distribution, influencing factors, health risk and regression prediction [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2019, 254: 112930. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.098 [3] YU H Y, LI T J, LIU Y, et al. Spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in urban soil of China [J]. Chemosphere, 2019, 230: 498-509. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.006 [4] HAN J, LIANG Y S, ZHAO B, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) geographical distribution in China and their source, risk assessment analysis [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2019, 251: 312-327. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.022 [5] WAQAS M, KHAN S, CHAO C, et al. Quantification of PAHs and health risk via ingestion of vegetable in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 497/498: 448-458. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.128 [6] DREIJ K, LUNDIN L, LE BIHANIC F, et al. Polycyclic aromatic compounds in urban soils of Stockholm City: Occurrence, sources and human health risk assessment [J]. Environmental Research, 2020, 182: 108989. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108989 [7] 曹云者, 柳晓娟, 谢云峰, 等. 我国主要地区表层土壤中多环芳烃组成及含量特征分析 [J]. 环境科学学报, 2012, 32(1): 197-203. CAO Y Z, LIU X J, XIE Y F, et al. Patterns of PAHs concentrations and components in surface soils of main areas in China [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2012, 32(1): 197-203(in Chinese).
[8] 黄亮, 张经, 吴莹. 长江流域表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征及来源解析 [J]. 生态毒理学报, 2016, 11(2): 566-572. HUANG L, ZHANG J, WU Y. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the Yangtze River [J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2016, 11(2): 566-572(in Chinese).
[9] LV M, LUAN X L, LIAO C Y, et al. Human impacts on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon distribution in Chinese intertidal zones [J]. Nature Sustainability, 2020, 3(10): 878-884. doi: 10.1038/s41893-020-0565-y [10] 范博, 王晓南, 黄云, 等. 我国七大流域水体多环芳烃的分布特征及风险评价 [J]. 环境科学, 2019, 40(5): 2101-2114. FAN B, WANG X N, HUANG Y, et al. Distribution and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water bodies in seven basins of China [J]. Environmental Science, 2019, 40(5): 2101-2114(in Chinese).
[11] SULONG N A, LATIF M T, SAHANI M, et al. Distribution, sources and potential health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 collected during different monsoon seasons and haze episode in Kuala Lumpur [J]. Chemosphere, 2019, 219: 1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.195 [12] 张莉, 张原, 祁士华, 等. 武汉市洪山区春季PM2.5浓度及多环芳烃组成特征 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2015, 35(8): 2319-2325. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2015.08.009 ZHANG L, ZHANG Y, QI S H, et al. Characteristics of atmospheric PM2.5 and the variation of PAHs in PM2.5 during spring in Hongshan district, Wuhan [J]. China Environmental Science, 2015, 35(8): 2319-2325(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2015.08.009
[13] WANG C H, WU S H, ZHOU S L, et al. Characteristics and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils: A review [J]. Pedosphere, 2017, 27(1): 17-26. doi: 10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60293-5 [14] WILCKE W. Global patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil [J]. Geoderma, 2007, 141(3/4): 157-166. [15] WILD S R, JONES K C. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the United Kingdom environment: A preliminary source inventory and budget [J]. Environmental Pollution, 1995, 88(1): 91-108. doi: 10.1016/0269-7491(95)91052-M [16] HARRISON R M, SMITH D J T, LUHANA L. Source apportionment of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons collected from an urban location in Birmingham, U. K [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1996, 30(3): 825-832. [17] BOZLAKER A, MUEZZINOGLU A, ODABASI M. Atmospheric concentrations, dry deposition and air-soil exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an industrial region in Turkey [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008, 153(3): 1093-1102. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.064 [18] 张俊叶, 俞菲, 俞元春. 中国主要地区表层土壤多环芳烃含量及来源解析 [J]. 生态环境学报, 2017, 26(6): 1059-1067. ZHANG J Y, YU F, YU Y C. Content and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soil in major areas of China [J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2017, 26(6): 1059-1067(in Chinese).
[19] LIU S D, XIA X H, YANG L Y, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of different land uses in Beijing, China: Distribution, sources and their correlation with the city's urbanization history [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010, 177(1/2/3): 1085-1092. [20] PENG C, WANG M E, ZHAO Y, et al. Distribution and risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in suburban and rural soils of Beijing with various land uses [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2016, 188(3): 162. doi: 10.1007/s10661-016-5156-z [21] CAO H B, CHAO S H, QIAO L, et al. Urbanization-related changes in soil PAHs and potential health risks of emission sources in a township in Southern Jiangsu, China [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 575: 692-700. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.106 [22] WANG C H, ZHOU S L, SONG J, et al. Human health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban soils of Nanjing, China [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 612: 750-757. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.269 [23] JENSEN H, REIMANN C, FINNE T E, et al. PAH-concentrations and compositions in the top 2 cm of forest soils along a 120 km long transect through agricultural areas, forests and the city of Oslo, Norway [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2007, 145(3): 829-838. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.05.008 [24] NI H G, QIN P H, CAO S P, et al. Fate estimation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils in a rapid urbanization region, Shenzhen of China [J]. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2011, 13(2): 313-318. doi: 10.1039/C0EM00470G [25] CHANG J, ZHANG E L, LIU E F, et al. A 60-year historical record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution in lake sediment from Guangxi Province, Southern China [J]. Anthropocene, 2018, 24: 51-60. doi: 10.1016/j.ancene.2018.11.003 [26] 韩玲, 高照琴, 白军红, 等. 城市化背景下珠江三角洲典型湿地土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量、来源与污染风险评价 [J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2019, 38(3): 609-617. doi: 10.11654/jaes.2018-1535 HAN L, GAO Z Q, BAI J H, et al. PAHs in surface wetland soils of the Pearl River Delta affected by urbanization: Levels, sources, and toxic risks [J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2019, 38(3): 609-617(in Chinese). doi: 10.11654/jaes.2018-1535
[27] 吴怡, 高源, 张鑫. 2006—2015年天津城市化进程与土地利用变化的关系分析 [J]. 环境科学导刊, 2018, 37(5): 1-6. doi: 10.13623/j.cnki.hkdk.2018.05.002 WU Y, GAO Y, ZHANG X. Analysis of the relationship between urbanization process and land utilization in Tianjin from 2006 to 2015 [J]. Environmental Science Survey, 2018, 37(5): 1-6(in Chinese). doi: 10.13623/j.cnki.hkdk.2018.05.002
[28] 天津市统计局. 天津统计年鉴[M]. 天津; 中国统计出版社. 2009, 2013, 2014, 2015. Tianjin Municipal Bureau of Statistics. Tianjin statistical yearbook[M]. Tianjin; China Statistics Press. 2009, 2013, 2014, 2015(in Chinese).
[29] LV J G, SHI R G, CAI Y M, et al. Assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution in soil of suburban areas in Tianjin, China [J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2010, 85(1): 5-9. doi: 10.1007/s00128-010-9993-0 [30] SHAO X L, XU Y P, ZHANG W, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution in agricultural soil in Tianjin, China [J]. Soil and Sediment Contamination:an International Journal, 2015, 24(3): 343-351. doi: 10.1080/15320383.2015.958212 [31] PAATERO P, TAPPER U. Positive matrix factorization: A non-negative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values [J]. Environmetrics, 1994, 5(2): 111-126. doi: 10.1002/env.3170050203 [32] 孙海峰, 张勇, 解静芳. 正定矩阵因子分解模型在环境中多环芳烃源解析方面的应用 [J]. 生态毒理学报, 2015, 10(4): 25-33. SUN H F, ZHANG Y, XIE J F. Applications of positive matrix factorization(PMF) for source apportionment of PAHs in the environment [J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2015, 10(4): 25-33(in Chinese).
[33] REFF A, EBERLY S I, BHAVE P V. Receptor modeling of ambient particulate matter data using positive matrix factorization: Review of existing methods [J]. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2007, 57(2): 146-154. [34] 蓝家程, 孙玉川, 胡宁, 等. 岩溶槽谷区土壤多环芳烃健康风险评价 [J]. 环境化学, 2019, 38(9): 1973-1981. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2019030601 LAN J C, SUN Y C, HU N, et al. Health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of Karst trough valley in Chongqing [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2019, 38(9): 1973-1981(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2019030601
[35] 黄应平, 金蕾, 朱灿, 等. 三峡库区香溪河库湾土壤多环芳烃时空分布特征及风险评价 [J]. 环境科学, 2021, 42(8): 3808-3819. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202012149 HUANG Y P, JIN L, ZHU C, et al. Temporal-spatial distribution and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil of Xiangxi Bay in Three Gorges reservoir area [J]. Environmental Science, 2021, 42(8): 3808-3819(in Chinese). doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202012149
[36] JIA J P, BI C J, GUO X, et al. Characteristics, identification, and potential risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in road dusts and agricultural soils from industrial sites in Shanghai, China [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2017, 24(1): 605-615. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-7818-3 [37] Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Volume 1, Human Health Evaluation Manual[M]//USEPA. Washington DC. 1991. [38] KNAFLA A, PHILLIPPS K A, BRECHER R W, et al. Development of a dermal cancer slope factor for benzo[a]Pyrene [J]. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2006, 45(2): 159-168. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.02.008 [39] CHEN Y N, ZHANG J Q, ZHANG F, et al. Contamination and health risk assessment of PAHs in farmland soils of the Yinma River Basin, China [J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2018, 156: 383-390. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.020 [40] HARITASH A K, KAUSHIK C P. Biodegradation aspects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): A review [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 169(1/2/3): 1-15. [41] CHOI S D. Time trends in the levels and patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in pine bark, litter, and soil after a forest fire [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 470/471: 1441-1449. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.100 [42] SUN G D, JIN J H, XU Y, et al. Isolation of a high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading strain and its enhancing the removal of HMW-PAHs from heavily contaminated soil [J]. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2014, 90: 23-28. [43] PENG C, OUYANG Z Y, WANG M E, et al. Assessing the combined risks of PAHs and metals in urban soils by urbanization indicators [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2013, 178: 426-432. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.058 [44] KHALILI N R, SCHEFF P A, HOLSEN T M. PAH source fingerprints for coke ovens, diesel and, gasoline engines, highway tunnels, and wood combustion emissions [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1995, 29(4): 533-542. doi: 10.1016/1352-2310(94)00275-P [45] JENKINS B M, JONES A D, TURN S Q, et al. Emission factors for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from biomass burning [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1996, 30(8): 2462-2469. [46] CHEN M, HUANG P, CHEN L. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from Urumqi, China: Distribution, source contributions, and potential health risks [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2013, 185(7): 5639-5651. doi: 10.1007/s10661-012-2973-6 [47] DAHLE S, SAVINOV V M, MATISHOV G G, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in bottom sediments of the Kara Sea shelf, Gulf of Ob and Yenisei Bay [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2003, 306(1/2/3): 57-71. [48] SAHA M H, TOGO A, MIZUKAWA K, et al. Sources of sedimentary PAHs in tropical Asian waters: Differentiation between pyrogenic and petrogenic sources by alkyl homolog abundance [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2009, 58(2): 189-200. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.04.049 [49] HU N J, HUANG P, LIU J H, et al. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of the Bohai Sea, China [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 2013, 20(2): 1031-1040. doi: 10.1007/s11356-012-1098-3 [50] OLAJIRE A A, ALTENBURGER R, KÜSTER E, et al. Chemical and ecotoxicological assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon—contaminated sediments of the Niger Delta, Southern Nigeria [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2005, 340(1/2/3): 123-136. [51] WANG X T, MIAO Y, ZHANG Y, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils of the megacity Shanghai: Occurrence, source apportionment and potential human health risk [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2013, 447: 80-89. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.086 [52] LI W H, TIAN Y Z, SHI G L, et al. Concentrations and sources of PAHs in surface sediments of the Fenhe reservoir and watershed, China [J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2012, 75: 198-206. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.08.021 [53] QU Y J, GONG Y W, MA J, et al. Potential sources, influencing factors, and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface soil of urban parks in Beijing, China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020, 260: 114016. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114016 [54] LARSEN R K 3rd, BAKER J E. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere: A comparison of three methods [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2003, 37(9): 1873-1881. [55] SIMCIK M F, EISENREICH S J, LIOY P J. Source apportionment and source/sink relationships of PAHs in the coastal atmosphere of Chicago and Lake Michigan [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1999, 33(30): 5071-5079. doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00233-2 [56] FRASER M P, CASS G R, SIMONEIT B R T, et al. Air quality model evaluation data for organics. 4. C2−C36 Non-Aromatic Hydrocarbons [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1997, 31(8): 2356-2367. [57] MOTELAY-MASSEI A, HARNER T, SHOEIB M, et al. Using passive air samplers to assess urban-rural trends for persistent organic pollutants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 2. Seasonal trends for PAHs, PCBs, and organochlorine pesticides [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2005, 39(15): 5763-5773.