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高盐废水指总含盐质量百分数至少1%的废水,常含有高浓度Na+、Ca2+、Cl−或SO42-等无机盐离子[1-2]。近年来,工业高盐废水排放量剧增,含盐量超标的工业废水直接排放水中会导致水体矿化度升高,造成严重污染,引发生态系统破坏等问题[3]。此外,过量的氮作为废水中的关键污染物会造成水体富营养化、水质恶化和对环境的潜在危害[4]。高盐含氮废水可生化性差、处理难度大,常规物理法和化学法运行成本较高且脱氮效果较低,而生物脱氮通过缺氧环境的异养细菌以有机碳化合物为电子供体将硝酸盐还原成氮气或氮氧化物,具有经济、高效、二次污染低等优点,是高盐含氮废水处理的优选方法之一[5-7]。
高盐废水中较高的盐度导致微生物细胞渗透压失衡,造成菌体脱水破裂,抑制微生物生长与繁殖,盐度进一步提高会导致微生物细胞死亡[8]。倘若无法解决盐度抑制问题,生物法处理高盐含氮废水的脱氮效果将大打折扣,甚至会因高盐度胁迫而无法成功启动运行。盐度梯度驯化微生物群落提高微生物活性使其逐渐适应高盐度水平能够最小化盐度对生物脱氮的影响[9-10]。通过向生物处理体系中添加功能性微生物改善原处理体系对污染物降解效果的技术称为生物强化技术[11]。分离培养高效耐盐脱氮菌,并制备出复合耐盐脱氮功能菌剂被认为是增强高盐含氮废水处理性能的有效方法[12-13]。复合菌剂被证明具有较高的降解能力,能够更好地适应各种环境因子的变化并有效去除废水氮素、有机物及其他污染物[12]。生物强化技术可用于活性污泥法或生物膜法中,以载体固定微生物的生物膜法具有污泥产生量少、固液易分离、处理效果稳定等优势[14]。菌源、载体类型和碳源水平是影响生物膜法处理高盐废水脱氮性能的重要因素[14-16]。
目前,许多研究侧重于使用生物法处理高氯化钠废水中的氮素[17-25],而较少研究关注工业废水中的其他高浓度盐,如硫酸盐。高浓度硫酸盐对微生物的活性抑制与氯化钠类似[26]。有研究[27]表明,在硫酸盐对反硝化型甲烷厌氧氧化系统生物反应过程的影响中,当硫酸盐浓度达到0.83 mmol·L−1时可对系统开始产生明显的抑制作用,进一步提升至4.06 mmol·L−1后系统完全失去脱氮性能。在上流式厌氧污泥床系统耐盐驯化阶段,将进水硫酸盐质量浓度由3 g·L−1升高至5 g·L−1后,发现系统在硫酸盐还原反硝化单元中硝氮去除率出现大幅度降低[28]。值得注意的是,有研究指出,含有大量硫酸盐的废水不仅会抑制微生物活性,还可能显著促进硫酸盐还原菌(sulfate reducing bacteria,SRB)富集,产生有毒气体硫化氢[29-31]。在缺氧条件下硫酸盐还原和反硝化过程可以同时进行,反硝化细菌对SRB具有竞争抑制作用,能够降低SRB活性甚至使其数量减少,导致硫酸盐还原生成的硫化物浓度降低[32-35]。因此,高硫酸盐反硝化过程控制硫酸盐还原菌作用至关重要。为适应高盐环境和控制SRB还原作用,本文自制耐盐反硝化污泥和反硝化复合菌粉,分别以此为菌源启动生物膜系统,研究了不同硫酸盐梯度下菌源、载体类型和碳源水平对生物膜系统的影响特性以及成熟生物膜系统在实际高硫酸盐高氮工业废水处理中的脱氮性能,以期为生物强化技术在高硫酸盐含氮废水处理中提供参考。
耐盐反硝化污泥与复合菌剂对高硫酸盐含氮废水的处理性能
Treatment performance of high-sulfate nitrogenous wastewater by salt-tolerant denitrifying activated sludge and compound bacteria agents
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摘要: 以耐盐反硝化污泥(DAS)和反硝化复合菌剂(DBA)为菌源,启动序批式生物膜系统(SBBRs)处理高硫酸盐含氮废水。结果表明,以相对低盐度(1%:12.5 g·L−1 SO42−和5 g·L−1 NaCl)启动系统,在不同菌源和载体条件下SBBRs启动时间均较短(6~11 d),其中以DAS为菌源、载体污泥浸制预处理均能缩短启动周期。提升SO42-质量浓度至25 g·L−1 (盐度2%)和37.5 g·L−1 (盐度3%)后,各装置的硝氮去除率均可维持90%以上,其中3%盐度下悬浮填料系统反硝化完全(>98%),显著高于生物绳系统(91.1±11.7)%。理论TOC/TN比为1.4~7,系统总氮去除率均稳定保持90%以上。优选TOC/TN值为2的实验室内处理石化厂高硫酸盐(2.7%)高氮(TN≈200 mg·L−1)废水,系统适应驯化后可获得稳定高效的总氮去除率,且悬浮填料去除率(>99%)与稳定性均优于生物绳(>90%)。系统硝酸盐还原途径以反硝化为主,且无显著硝酸盐异化还原为氨和硫酸盐还原作用。Abstract: In this study, salt-tolerant denitrifying activated sludge (DAS) and denitrifying bacterial agents (DBA) were used as inoculants to start sequential batch biofilm systems (SBBRs) treating high-sulfate nitrogenous wastewater. The results showed that the start-up period of SBBRs was short (6-11 d) with different sources of inoculants and carriers at salinity of 1% (12.5 g·L−1 SO42− and 5 g·L−1 NaCl), of which the start-up period of SBBRs was reduced with DAS as inoculants or carriers pretreatment via sludge leaching. After upgrading SO42− mass concentrations to 25 g·L−1 (salinity of 2%) and 37.5 g·L−1 (salinity of 3%), SBBRs were still able to maintain the nitrate reduction rates higher than 90%. The complete denitrification (>98%) occurred in SBBRs with suspended carrier at salinity of 3%, which was significantly higher than that (91.1±11.7)% of SBBR with biological rope carrier. The TN removal efficiency of SBBRs consistently maintained at >90% at the theoretical TOC/TN ratios of 1.4-7. SBBRs were further used to treat high sulfate (2.7%) and nitrogen rich (TN≈200 mg·L−1) wastewater at a TOC/TN ratio of 2, and stable and highly efficient TN removal occurred after the system adapted to acclimation, and higher reduction rates (>99%) and stability in the suspended carrier were also achieved than those in carrier biological rope (>90%). The nitrate reduction pathway in the system was dominated by denitrification without significant dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium and sulfate reduction.
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Key words:
- salt-tolerant compound bacteria /
- bioaugmentation /
- sulfate /
- bacterial source /
- carrier /
- C/N ratio
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表 1 各反应装置运行参数
Table 1. Operation parameters of SBBRs
反应器 菌源 载体类型 比表面积/(m2·m−3) 污泥预处理 载体填充率/% R1 污泥 悬浮填料 900 有 35 R2 复合菌 悬浮填料 900 有 35 R3 污泥:复合菌=1:3 悬浮填料 900 有 35 R4 污泥:复合菌=2:2 悬浮填料 900 有 35 R5 污泥:复合菌=3:1 悬浮填料 900 有 35 R6 污泥:复合菌=2:2 悬浮填料 900 无 35 R7 污泥:复合菌=2:2 生物绳 350 无 35 -
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