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高分子材料由于其众多优异的性能,已经广泛的应用于生产和生活中,与此同时由于高分子的易燃性,使得火灾的潜在危险日益增加. 目前常用解决方法是加入阻燃剂以提高高分子材料的阻燃性能,因此,阻燃剂的设计、开发和应用成为研究热点[1]. 阻燃剂是一类能够阻止高分子材料被引燃或抑制火焰传播的物质,在阻燃高分子材料工业中被广泛使用[2]. 近几十年来,无卤阻燃剂(HFFRs),特别是以磷为主的阻燃剂由于其较高阻燃效率而引起了研究者的广泛关注[3-5]. 但伴随着磷资源的不断消耗以及环境污染日益严重,人们对环保的重视以及各项环保政策的不断升级,普通的阻燃剂已无法满足环境保护的需求. 越来越多的科研人员朝着对生产原料更清洁、生产工艺更精简、功能特性更优异的方向展开研究[6-7].
生物基阻燃剂(bio-based flame retardants)是指以生物质为原料制得的可以赋予易燃材料难燃性,阻止材料被引燃及抑制火焰蔓延的功能性助剂[8] . 这种基于生物基材料开发的具有高效、环保、绿色、少烟、低毒等特性的阻燃剂成为科学家们解决高分子材料应用过程火灾频发的有效途径. 此外,生物基材料在环境中具有可再生性、丰富性和生物可降解性,有望解决石油基化合物之类不可再生物质造成的过度碳排放、不可持续性及资源短缺等问题[9],广泛地替代了传统石油、矿产等不可再生资源的原料投入生产,是未来化工行业发展的趋势[10-19]. 因此,基于生物基材料中的一些磷酸化生物大分子,如蛋白质、酪蛋白和脱氧核糖核酸,开发“绿色阻燃剂”的研究受到越来越多的关注[20-23]. 在环保政策日渐收紧的情况下,生物基阻燃剂、生物基聚合物、生物基添加剂等物质必然成为发展的趋势.
近年来,大量的研究人员以不同的生物基为反应底物,制备了高效、环保且低碳的生物基阻燃剂. 其中,以植酸、壳聚糖、腰果酚、木质素等生物基材料反应生成有机P-N生物基阻燃剂成为近几年的研究热点.
本文首先介绍了近几年生物基阻燃剂的合成及应用近况,并简要综述了生物基阻燃剂的改性方法. 最后展望了生物基阻燃剂的发展趋势,为未来生物基材料阻燃改性的基础理论与应用研究提供了方向.
生物基阻燃剂的合成及应用研究进展
Research progress on synthesis and application of bio-based flame retardants
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摘要: 高分子材料被广泛地应用在社会生活的各个方面,但其易燃性往往容易引发火灾,造成巨大的生命财产损失. 利用阻燃剂改性是提升高分子材料防火阻燃性能的有效方法之一,其中生物基阻燃剂由于具有原料易得及绿色环保等特性,成为近年来阻燃剂研究领域的前沿热点之一. 本文首先介绍了近年来几种主流的生物基阻燃剂的合成方法,随后介绍了其他应用较少的生物基阻燃剂以及全生物基阻燃剂的发展情况,并对生物基阻燃剂的应用及其面临的问题展开讨论. 最后,展望了生物基阻燃剂未来的发展趋势.Abstract: Polymer materials are widely used in various aspects in social life, but their flammability often causes fire disasters, leading to huge loss of life and property. Modification by flame retardants is one of the effective methods to enhance the flame-retardancy of polymer materials. Thereinto, the bio-based flame retardants have become the frontiers in the field of flame retardants due to their easy availability of raw materials and their environment friendly. In this review, the progress of flame retardants preparation based on several mainstream bio-based materials in recent years is first introduced. Then, flame retardants based on other uncommon bio-based materials and the fully bio-based flame retardants are introduced, respectively. Subsequently, the applications and confronting problems of the bio-based flame retardants are discussed, while outlooks for the future trend of bio-based flame retardants are displayed at the end.
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Key words:
- polymers /
- flame-retardancy /
- bio-based flame retardants /
- eco-friendly
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图 8 (a)PSNCFR的合成路线及PSNCFR增韧酚醛树脂的原理图;(b)PSNCFR改性PF阻燃机理示意图[52].
Figure 8. (a)The synthetic route for preparation of PSNCFR and schematic of PSNCFR toughening of PF; (b) Illustration of the flame retardant mechanism of PSNCFR modified PF[52].
图 13 蛋清蛋白和植酸分层自组装双层工艺、键合情况与燃烧测试不同时间燃烧后由蛋白和植酸组成的纤维织物处理的照片和未处理的对比图[79]
Figure 13. A general process for layer-by-layer self-assembly double-coating cellulosic fabrics with egg white proteins and phytic acid, and digital photographs of control and treated cellulosic fabrics with a combination of egg white protein and phytic acid in sequence after burning at different time [79].
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