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随着化石燃料中CO2、CH4、N2O等温室气体排放量逐年增加[1],温室效应带来的影响也日益严重,极端天气和自然灾害的出现也越来越频繁[2]。其中,CO2在大气中质量分数的增加对于温室效应的影响最大,造成了2/3的温室效应[3],CO2减排势在必行。CO2减排主要包括,改善能源效率,开发可再生能源,以及CO2碳捕获利用与封存技术 (carbon dioxide capture utilization and storage, CCUS) [4]。政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)的一项评估指出,为了在2050年前将全球平均气温上升控制在2 ℃以内CO2排放量最低应减少50%[5]。国际能源署研究发现,为了实现这一目标,到2050年,CO2碳捕获利用与封存 (CCUS) 至少贡献需要达到全球减碳量的1/6[6]。
目前规模化CCUS技术主要是矿地质封存、海洋封存、矿化封存等。其中,地质封存可能改变原始地貌并且存在CO2泄漏的风险,海洋封存可能会破坏海洋环境[7],而利用工业固体废物进行矿化封存具有生成物稳定[8]、安全性高[9-10]、原料成本低和距离排放源近等优势[11],是一种有发展潜力的规模化CO2捕集封存利用技术。武鸽等[12]开展了典型工业固废矿化封存CO2的基础研究,揭示了电石渣和钢渣矿化封存CO2能力强的机理。张亚朋等[13]进一步开展了CO2矿化封存工艺 (包括干法和湿法) 路线实验研究,对比结果表明,电石渣和钢渣湿法矿化固碳性能一般优于干法,具有较强的应用潜力。然而,湿法矿化仍然存在能耗和成本较高等问题[14];与此同时,石化和煤化工生产排放大量污水及高盐水需要处理[15]。
多项研究使用化工含盐污水协同飞灰、钢渣、水泥窑粉尘等工业固体废物进行矿化反应[16]。LI等[17]用高质量浓度盐水与碱性炉渣进行矿化实验,研究溶液pH、Ca2+质量浓度和液固比等因素对矿化效率的影响,并且发现溶液中高质量浓度的Ca2+会阻碍炉渣中Ca2+的浸出。BANG等[18]用海水淡化厂中的浓缩海水作为反应介质替代去离子水矿化CO2,发现更高的pH有利于矿化反应的进行,Ca与Mg共存时不利于MgCO3的析出。MIGNARDI等[19]研究发现CO2在富Mg溶液中停留时间更长。由此可见,海水、化工盐水等同碱性灰渣协同矿化固碳具有可行性,需要进一步研究不同固废、高浓盐水同CO2的最佳工艺条件。本研究用实际含盐污水与电石渣进行矿化实验,探究温度、压力、液固比对矿化反应中CO2封存率的影响,寻找电石渣矿化反应的最优工艺条件,以期为研发含盐污水与电石渣协同处理的二次资源循环利用技术提供参考。
响应面曲线法优化含盐污水协同电石渣矿化封存CO2
Optimization of carbon dioxide sequestration by carbide slag mineralization with chemical salty wastewater by response surface methodology
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摘要: 针对电石渣湿法矿化消耗水资源较多的问题,采用实际化工含盐污水作为反应介质,开展电石渣湿法矿化封存CO2实验。探究温度、压力、液固比等单因素对电石渣矿化固碳封存率的影响,并采取Box-Behnken响应面曲线法对工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,污水和去离子水为介质的电石渣矿化封存CO2封存率分别为59.59%和59.89%。温度和液固比对CO2封存率的影响较大,压力影响较小,且在温度65 ℃、压力1.0 MPa和液固比5 mL·g−1的优化实验条件下的CO2封存率分别达到47.56%、52.79%和63.47%。响应面曲线法实验结果表明,温度和液固比之间的交互作用最为显著,温度和压力、液固比和压力的交互作用不显著。同时确定,在反应温度85 ℃、初始反应压力0.5 MPa、液固比7.5 mL·g−1的最优工艺条件下,含盐污水协同电石渣矿化的CO2封存率为66.1%。本研究结果可为研发“气 (CO2) - 液 (含盐污水) - 固 (电石渣) ”协同的二次资源循环利用技术提供参考。Abstract: In view of the problem that the wet mineralization of carbide slag consumes a lot of water resource, an experimental study on carbon dioxide sequestration by carbide slag wet mineralization was carried out using actual chemical salty wastewater as the reaction medium. The effect of temperature, pressure, liquid-solid ratio and other single factors on carbon sequestration rate of calcium carbide slag was studied, and then Box-Behnken response surface curve method was used to optimize the process conditions. The results showed that the CO2 sequestration rates of calcium carbide slag mineralization with wastewater and deionized water as media were 59.59% and 59.89%, respectively, basically unchanged. The experiment revealed that temperature and liquid-solid ratio had a great influence on CO2 sequestration rates, while pressure had a small influence. Under the optimized experimental conditions of temperature 65 ℃, pressure 1.0 MPa and liquid-solid ratio 5 mL·g−1, the CO2 sequestration rate reached 47.56%, 52.79% and 63.47%, respectively. The results of response surface curve method showed that the interaction between temperature and liquid-solid was the most significant, while temperature and pressure, liquid-solid and pressure were not significantly interacted. At the same time, under the optimal conditions of reaction temperature 85 ℃, initial reaction pressure 0.5 MPa and liquid-solid ratio 7.464 mL·g−1, the CO2 sequestration rate of salt wastewater coordinated calcium carbide slag mineralization reached 66.1%. This study can provide a reference for the further development of synergy technology of the secondary resource cycle of the industrial enterprise “three pollutants emissions”, for example CO2, salty wastewater and calcium carbide slag.
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表 1 反应前后溶液组分变化
Table 1. Change of solution composition before and after reaction
mg·L−1 样品 Cl− NO3− SO42 Ca2+ K+ Mg2+ Na+ 化工含盐污水 4 484 102 3 565 897 231 525 1 927 反应后滤液 4 087 93 617 556 171 221 617 表 2 反应前后电石渣化学组成
Table 2. Chemical composition of calcium carbide slag before and after reaction
% 样品 Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 SO3 Cl CaO TiO2 Fe2O3 SrO K2O NiO 反应前
电石渣0.020 0.170 0.950 2.700 0.470 — 90.900 — 0.170 — — — 反应后
电石渣0.549 0.523 0.658 1.900 1.990 0.615 93.100 0.072 0.192 0.079 0.102 0.177 表 3 响应面实验结果
Table 3. Experimental results of response surface methodology
实验编号 A/ ℃ B /MPa C/(mL·g−1) K/% 1 45 0.5 5 62.6 2 85 0.5 5 63.1 3 45 1.5 5 63.9 4 85 1.5 5 56.0 5 45 1.0 2 59.8 6 85 1.0 2 36.0 7 45 1.0 8 51.9 8 85 1.0 8 56.4 9 65 0.5 2 47.5 10 65 1.5 2 51.1 11 65 0.5 8 64.9 12 65 1.5 8 59.2 13 65 1.0 5 62.4 14 65 1.0 5 63.6 15 65 1.0 5 61.7 注:A—温度;B—初始压力;C—液固比。 -
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