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城市固体废弃物 (MSW) 的时变性会影响填埋体的稳定 [1-3]。MSW组分复杂,随着填埋龄期增加,大量有机物和纤维状物质产生降解,其抗剪强度也会随之改变。而抗剪强度的降低是造成分层垃圾填埋体滑移的主要原因[4-6]。填埋体的滑移失稳破坏会导致大量填埋垃圾和渗滤液滑出场外,造成严重的环境污染及财产损失[7]。
抗剪强度是MSW重要的力学性能之一,其变化规律与填埋龄期密切相关。随着龄期的增加,MSW的内摩擦角会增大,而粘聚力逐渐降低直至为0[8-10],这会导致填埋体沿衬垫发生滑移破坏。因此,土-膜界面的剪切特性得到了学者们的广泛研究[11-15]。PUNETHA等[13]通过直剪实验研究了光面及糙面HDPE土工膜和各类土颗粒物界面抗剪强度。BACAS等[14]对8种土工合成材料和18种不同界面进行了直剪实验,分析了界面剪切强度特性。LI等[15]研究了冻融循环作用下,密实粘土衬垫与HDPE土工膜界面剪切特性。在稳定性分析方面,ZIENKIEWIEZ等[16]首次将强度折减法引入到有限元边坡分析中。UGAI等[17]、郑颖人等[18]和陈雪珍等[19]将有限元分析的安全系数应用在工程中,推动有限元强度折减法的发展。
学者们通常以实验确定各层垃圾土的抗剪强度,对分层填埋场进行稳定性分析[4,6]。但目前对分层填埋场的稳定性分析都集中在以粘土作为中间衬垫,HDPE土工膜因为其耐久性好、化学性质稳定、柔韧性佳等特性而被视为替代粘土的理想材料[20],同时又缺乏将土工膜作为中间衬垫的应用研究。因此,本研究以HDPE土工膜代替粘土作为中间衬垫,进行土-膜界面剪切实验,利用PLAXIS有限元软件模拟分层填埋体的滑移过程及其整体稳定性变化,并分析HDPE土工膜作为中间衬垫的可行性,以期为土工膜应用于填埋场作为中间衬垫提供参考。
土工膜衬垫对不同龄期垃圾填埋体稳定性的影响
The influence of geomembrane liner on the stability of landfill at different ages
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摘要: 城市垃圾填埋场在填埋和运营过程中,垃圾土的抗剪强度会随着龄期的增长而变化,作为中间衬垫的土工膜规格和参数也将直接影响垃圾填埋场的稳定性。针对柱点、喷着和光面3种不同规格的HDPE土工膜衬垫,结合室内土-膜界面剪切实验和数值模拟手段,分析HDPE土工膜作为中间衬垫对垃圾填埋体稳定性的影响。结果表明,随着填埋龄期的增加,生物降解持续,垃圾土纤维物含量降低,废渣颗粒含量增加,导致土-膜界面粘聚力呈下降趋势,内摩擦角呈现上升趋势;相较于粘土覆盖,HDPE土工膜能有效抑制填埋体底部位移。结合工程实例,垃圾填埋体底部位移绝对值由粘土覆盖的0.084 m减小到土工膜覆盖的0.073 m;整体稳定安全系数较粘土覆盖分别增大 28% (柱点) 、30% (喷着) 和18.5% (光面) 。HDPE土工膜能明显延缓垃圾填埋体滑移面向填埋体中部和深部的发展,阻断滑裂带的形成。本研究结果可为垃圾填埋场设计和现场工程的安全性评价提供参考。Abstract: During the landfilling and operation of MSW landfills, the shear strength of waste soil will change with age. The specifications and parameters of geomembrane as the intermediate liner will also directly affect landfill stability. Aiming at three different specifications of HDPE geomembrane liners, such as salient point, textured and smooth, combined with indoor soil-geomembrane interface shear test and numerical simulation, the influence of HDPE geomembrane as an intermediate liner on the stability of landfill was analyzed. The results showed that with the increase in landfill age, the biodegradation continued, the fiber content of waste soil decreased, and the particle content of waste residue increased, resulting in the decrease of soil-film interface cohesion and the increase of internal friction angle. Compared with clay cover, HDPE geomembrane can effectively restrain the bottom displacement of landfill. Combining with the engineering example, the absolute value of the bottom displacement of the waste landfill decreases from 0.084 m of the clay coating cover to 0.073 m of the geomembrane coating cover. Compared with clay cover, the overall stability safety factor increases by 28% (salient point), 30% (textured) and 18.5% (smooth), respectively. HDPE geomembrane can delay the penetration of landfill slip towards the middle and deep of landfill and block the formation of slip zone. The results of this study provide a reference for landfill design and site engineering safety evaluation.
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Key words:
- MSW landfill /
- stability /
- age /
- HDPE geomembrane /
- soil-geomembrane interface shear
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表 1 MSW试样物理力学指标
Table 1. Physical and mechanical indices of refuse MSW sample
样品编号 填埋龄期/a 含水率 孔隙比 粘聚力/kPa 内摩擦角/ (°) Z1 1.5~2.0 45%~76% 2.33 23.3 9.8 Z2 4.5~5.0 1.65 23.8 17.5 Z3 8.0~9.0 1.96 16.1 26.0 Z4 10.0~13.0 2.62 2.8 34.2 表 2 屈服应变下HDPE土工膜的物理参数
Table 2. Physical parameter of HDPE geomembrane under yield strain
类型 厚度/mm 拉伸强度/(kN·m−1) 屈服应变 拉伸刚度/(kN·m−1) 柱点式 1.50 17.80 16.00% 111.25 光面 1.50 20.51 14.00% 146.50 喷着式 1.50 17.51 14.00% 125.07 表 3 各层土材料的参数
Table 3. Table of material parameters of soil layers
土层名称 压缩模量/MPa 泊松比 容重/(kN·m−3) 粘聚力/kPa 内摩擦角/ (°) 地基土层砂土状强风化花岗岩 30 0.25 19.5 35.0 28.5 粘土覆盖层 23 0.25 21.0 12.0 25.0 MSW第1填埋层 2 0.40 10.5 23.3 9.8 MSW第2填埋层 23.8 17.5 MSW第3填埋层 16.1 26.0 MSW第4填埋层 2.8 34.2 -
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