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食品加工、制药工业、皮革工业、垃圾渗滤液等废水不仅氨氮 (NH4+-N) 浓度高,还含有大量盐分[1-3]。生物法虽然作为一种经济有效的废水处理方法,但是高盐分可抑制微生物酶活,甚至引起细胞质壁分离导致微生物死亡[4-5],不利于微生物对NH4+-N的降解。因此,在对高盐废水的脱氮处理中,通常使用膜分离[6]、蒸发结晶[7]、芬顿[8]和电渗析技术[9]等物化法进行脱盐预处理,这不但使运行成本高、工艺流程长,还会造成二次污染。虽然经物化脱盐处理后的高盐含氮废水可进一步通过生物法脱氮,但去除效果并不稳定[10-11],即使在低盐度环境(<2%),传统硝化、反硝化菌和常规异养菌等常见脱氮微生物的生长代谢及活性也会受到明显抑制[12-13]。具备异养硝化-好氧反硝化(heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification, HN-AD)功能的好氧脱氮菌在好氧条件下因具备同时硝化反硝化、且无中间产物亚硝态氮 (NO2−-N) 和硝态氮 (NO3−-N) 积累的特质得到广泛关注[14]。不仅如此,部分HN-AD菌属还兼具耐盐性,已被广泛应用于高盐废水处理过程,如不动杆菌属 (Acinetobacter) 、盐单胞菌属 (Halomonas) 、副球菌属 (Paracoccus) [15]等。然而,在工程应用中,许多工业废水的盐度波动大,这使得包括HN-AD菌在内的众多微生物难以快速适应不同的盐度环境,菌群无法实现高效富集,进而影响废水处理效果[16-17]。为了增强微生物对高盐胁迫的抵抗能力,已有研究[18]通过增加盐浓度驯化功能菌属耐盐性能的方式以期获得高去污效率、高富集丰度的耐盐型脱氮功能微生物。然而,在实际应用中却发现,即使经过长期驯化,功能微生物对高盐胁迫的抵抗能力仍较弱[19-20],原因在于功能微生物易流失、难截留导致富集丰度较低,最终影响废水处理效果的稳定性[19, 21-22]。因此,为解决这一问题,亟待研发一种即可提高微生物对高盐胁迫的抵抗能力,又可提高功能菌属生长富集能力的新技术。
微生物在逆境中可通过积累或从环境中吸收相容性溶质 (compatible solutes, CS) 来抵抗外部条件带来的胁迫作用,在不需要细胞内酶的任何特殊适应下即可保护细胞免受不可逆转的损害[23-24]。所以CS在细胞中发挥了重要作用,它不仅不会阻碍正常的细胞代谢,还可以平衡细胞质内的渗透压以增强微生物的活性[23, 25]。在VYRIDES等[26]的研究中,盐度为4%时,假单胞菌株 (Pseudomonas sp strain ADP) 产生的相容性溶质主要为海藻糖;ZHANG等[27]在使用颗粒污泥处理含盐养殖废水的过程中,添加1 000 μmol·L−1的海藻糖,可使产甲烷活性和磷酸酶活性分别提高22%和27%。而海藻糖作为一种价格低、易采购的典型相容性溶质,在高盐废水处理中已被成功应用[28-29]。其作为渗透调节剂易被微生物吸收利用,通过调节细胞渗透压帮助微生物快速适应高盐环境,提升去污能力[26]。目前,已有海藻糖用于高盐废水的厌氧处理系统的相关报道[29-30]。BAI等[30]研究了在序批式反应器中添加海藻糖考察了厌氧氨氧化细菌处理富氮含盐废水的长期脱氮性能,在添加浓度为300 μmol·L−1时,就可使NH4+-N、NO2−-N的去除率分别提高为32.4%和42.2%;杨振琳等[28]通过添加海藻糖强化厌氧化耦合反硝化工艺,在盐度为3.2%的模拟废水中加入250 μmol·L−1的海藻糖,NH4+-N和NO2−-N的去除速率分别提高了81.25%和75%。可见海藻糖对提高长期脱氮效果有显著性作用,但其在高盐废水好氧生物处理中的研究却鲜有报道。盐度显著影响微生物的物理和生化特性,长期作用甚至能够改变整个环境的微生物群落结构[31]。
本研究利用膜曝气生物膜反应器 (membrane aerobic biofilm reactor, MABR) 富集好氧脱氮菌,通过调节外加海藻糖的浓度,采用高通量测序等分析方法,从微生物脱氮性能、群落结构及脱氮功能基因丰度等层面,研究海藻糖浓度梯度对高盐废水中微生物的物种丰度、菌群多样性及脱氮功能基因的影响,旨在为推动好氧脱氮菌在高盐废水好氧生物脱氮处理的实际应用提供理论基础及新技术思路。
外源性海藻糖强化好氧脱氮菌处理高盐废水的菌群特性
Characterization of trehalose enhanced aerobic denitrifying bacteria for high-salt wastewater treatment
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摘要: 为提升高盐胁迫下好氧脱氮功能菌群的富集丰度及脱氮性能,解决高盐废水生物脱氮效率低的问题,助推好氧脱氮功能菌在高盐废水处理的工程应用,将海藻糖添加到已富集好氧脱氮功能菌的膜曝气生物膜反应器 (membrane aerobic biofilm reactor, MABR) 中,构建高盐废水的海藻糖生物强化处理系统,从反应器脱氮性能、菌群多样性以及脱氮功能基因丰度等方面探究高盐废水中海藻糖对好氧脱氮菌的强化机制。结果表明:实验组 (C40、C120、C360和C1 080) 中NH4+-N、TN和COD去除率相较对照组 (C0) 分别提高了10.70%、32.72%、27.36%、19.45%,8.32%、28.36%、22.53%、17.63%和12.09%、31.14%、25.27%、25.06%;外加海藻糖提高了菌群在高盐废水中的脱氮效率,浓度为120 μmol·L-1时,NH4+-N去除率最高可提升32.72%。高通量测序分析显示:在高盐环境胁迫下,海藻糖浓度对群落结构及丰度存在显著影响,C40和C120提高了异养硝化-好氧反硝化 (heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification, HN-AD) 菌 (Pseudofulvimonas、Rhodobacteraceae、 Paracoccus、Parapusillimonas和Flavobacterium) 的相对丰度,而C360和C1 080有利于异养反硝化菌 (heterotrophic denitrified bacteria, HDB) (Enterococcu、Nitrincola、Truepera、Fusibacter) 的富集;海藻糖浓度显著影响高盐废水中脱氮菌群的组成与丰度。PICRUSt1结果显示:添加海藻糖有效提高以HN-AD菌和HDB为主的脱氮菌群的反硝化活性,在C40和C120中,与HN-AD菌关联的硝化基因 (hao) 和反硝化基因 (nasA、napA和napB) 相对丰度提高,此时HN-AD途径得到增强;而与HDB关联的反硝化基因 (narG、narH和narI) 相对丰度在C360和C1 080增加,进一步说明加入高浓度海藻糖更有利于加强异养反硝化途径;海藻糖浓度为120 μmol·L-1时,脱氮基因相对丰度最高,最大程度地加快了好氧脱氮菌群的硝化和反硝化进程。本研究结果可为好氧脱氮菌在高盐废水的好氧处理技术运用中提供参考。
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关键词:
- 海藻糖 /
- 异养硝化-好氧反硝化 /
- 高盐废水 /
- 微生物多样性 /
- 功能基因
Abstract: In order to enhance the enrichment abundance and denitrification performance of aerobic denitrifying functional bacteria under high-salt stress, which can solve the problem of low efficiencies of biological denitrification of high-salt wastewater and promote the engineering application of aerobic denitrifying functional bacteria in high-salt wastewater treatment, the trehalose was added to the membrane aerobic biofilm reactor (MABR) with enriching aerobic denitrifying functional bacteria. The bioaugmentation mechanism of trehalose on aerobic denitrifying bacteria in high-salt wastewater was investigated in terms of nitrogen removal performance, diversity of bacterial population and abundance of nitrogen removal functional genes. The results showed that the removal rates of NH4+-N, TN and COD in the experimental groups (C40, C120, C360 and C1 080) increased by 10.70%, 32.72%, 27.36%, 19.45% and 8.32%, 28.36%, 22.53%, 17.63% and 12.09%, 31.14%, 25.27%、25.06%, compared to the control group (C0), respectively. The addition of trehalose improved the denitrification efficiency of the bacterial community in high-salt wastewater, and the NH4+-N removal rate increased by up to 32.72% at a concentration of 120 μmol·L-1. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that under the high salinity stress, different added trehalose concentrations significantly affected bacterial community structure and abundances. Groups C40 and C120 increased the relative abundances of heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification (HN-AD) bacteria (including Pseudofulvimonas, Rhodobacteraceae, Paracoccus, Parapusillimonas, and Flavobacterium), while groups C360 and C1 080 favored heterotrophic denitrified bacteria (HDB) (including Enterococcus, Nitrincola, Truepera, and Fusibacter). This demonstrated that trehalose concentration significantly affected the composition and abundance of nitrification and denitrification bacteria in high-salt wastewater. PICRUSt1 suggested that the addition of trehalose effectively increased the denitrification activity of denitrifying microorganism dominated by HN-AD bacteria and HDB, and the relative abundance of nitrification genes (hao) and denitrification genes (nasA, napA and napB) associated with HN-AD bacteria increased in groups C40 and C120, which intensified the HN-AD pathway. However, the relative abundances of denitrification genes (narG, narH and narI) associated with HDB increased in groups C360 and C1 080, indicating that the heterotrophic denitrification pathway was enhanced by the addition of high-level trehalose concentration. In addition, the relative abundance of nitrification and denitrification genes was the highest at the trehalose concentration of 120 μmol·L−1, which maximally accelerated the nitrification and denitrification process of aerobic nitrogen removal bacteria. This study can provide a reference for the application of aerobic nitrogen removal bacteria in the aerobic biological treatment technology in high-salt wastewater. -
表 1 不同海藻糖浓度下微生物Alpha多样性指数
Table 1. Alpha diversity indices at different trehalose concentrations
反应器 OTUs 覆盖率/% Chao指数 Ace指数 Shannon指数 C0 269 99.82 320.50 314.21 3.06 C40 274 99.82 331.34 320.83 3.24 C120 303 99.82 375.63 370.12 3.83 C360 297 99.78 352.38 367.88 3.66 C1 080 286 99.82 330.13 332.30 3.35 -
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